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Question
Factorise:
x3 – 3x2 – 9x – 5
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Solution
Let p(x) = x3 − 3x2 − 9x − 5
All the factors of 5 have to be considered. These are ±1, ± 5.
By trial method,
p(−1) = (−1)3 − 3(−1)2 − 9(−1) − 5
= − 1 − 3 + 9 − 5
= 0
Therefore, x + 1 is a factor of this polynomial.
Let us find the quotient by dividing x3 + 3x2 − 9x − 5 by x + 1.
By long division,
x2 − 4x − 5
`x + 1) overline(x^3 - 3x^2 - 9x − 5)`
x3 + x2
− −
`overline( )`
−4x2 − 9x − 5
−4x2 − 4x
+ +
`overline( )`
−5x − 5
−5x − 5
+ +
`overline( )`
0
`overline( )`
It is known that,
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
∴ x3 − 3x2 − 9x − 5
= (x + 1) (x2 − 4x − 5) + 0
= (x + 1) (x2 − 5x + x − 5)
= (x + 1) [(x (x − 5) + 1 (x − 5)]
= (x + 1) (x − 5) (x + 1)
= (x − 5) (x + 1) (x + 1)
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