Topics
Introduction of Commerce and Business
Trade
- Concept of Trade
- Internal Trade
- Wholesale Trade
- Retail Trade
- Types of Retailers> Itinerant Retailers
- Types of Retailers> Fixed Shop Retailer
- Small Scale Fixed Retailer
- Large Scale Fixed Retailers
- Departmental Stores
- Super Market Shop
- Chain Stores or Multiple Shops
- One Price Shop
- Concept of Mall
- International Trade
- Export Trade
- Procedure of Export Trade
- Import Trade
- Procedure of Import Trade
- Entrepot Trade
- Comparison of Different Types of Retailers and Trade Practices
Small Scale Industry and Business
Forms of Business Organisation - 1
- Private Sector Organisations
- Sole Trading Concern
- Partnership Firm
- Types of Partners
- Types of Partnerships Firms
- Hindu Undivided Family Business Or Joint Hindu Family Business
- Co-operative Society
- Types of Cooperative Societies
- Joint Stock Company
- Amul: A Successful Co-operative Movement in India
- Private Limited Company
- Public Limited Company
- Comparison of Different Forms of Business Organization
Forms of Business Organisation - 2
Institutes Supporting Business
Business Environment
- Concept of Business Environment
- Importance of Business Environment
- Dimensions of Business Environment
- Internal Factors
- External Factors> Natural Environment
- External Factors> Social Environment
- External Factors> Political Environment
- External Factors> Economic Environment
- External Factors> Technological Environment
- External Factors> Legal Environment
- New Economic Policy and Business
- Liberalisation
- Privatisation
- Globalisation
- Impact of New Economic Policy on Business
Introduction to Management
- Introduction
- Definition: Commerce
- Trade
- Auxiliaries to Trade
- Real-Life Application
- Key Point Summary
Introduction
Commerce is the process of exchanging goods and services, along with all activities that enable this exchange, such as transportation, banking, warehousing, and advertising. It forms a bridge between producers and consumers, ensuring that goods reach those who need them efficiently.
Definition: Commerce
The wide network of trade, transport, banking, insurance, warehousing, and advertising enables the smooth exchange of goods and services.
Flow Chart
Trade
Trade involves buying and selling goods and services, divided as follows:
1. Home Trade(Domestic): Takes place within a country, in local currency.
- Wholesale Trade: Bulk buying/selling, e.g., wholesaler sells to retailer.
- Retail Trade: Selling directly to consumers.
2. Foreign Trade (International): Occurs between different countries; involves multiple currencies and regulations.
- Import: Buying goods or services from other countries.
- Export: Selling goods or services to other countries.
- Entrepot: Importing goods from one country and re-exporting them to another.
Auxiliaries to Trade
These activities make the movement, storage, promotion, and protection of goods possible and efficient:
| Service | Role | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Transport | Moves goods to the destination | A truck delivers goods to the market |
| Warehousing | Safe storage until sold/used | Storing goods in a godown |
| Banking | Financing and transaction support | Getting a business loan |
| Insurance | Reduces business risk (theft, damage) | Insuring goods during shipment |
| Advertising | Informing and attracting customers | TV/radio ads for a new product |
| Communication | Facilitates information flow | Business emails and phone calls |
Real-Life Application
A farmer grows potatoes (production) and sells them to a wholesaler (trade). The potatoes are transported by truck (transport) and stored in a warehouse (warehousing) before being sold in city markets. The process is supported by advertising, payment is handled through a bank, and insurance protects against possible loss or damage during shipment.
Key Point Summary
- Business activities: economic (profit) and non-economic (social/personal).
- Trade: home (domestic) and foreign (international).
- Auxiliaries to trade: transport, storage, finance, risk, marketing, communication.
- Real-life examples make concepts relatable.
