Topics
Number Systems
Number Systems
Polynomials
Algebra
Algebraic Expressions
Algebraic Identities
Coordinate Geometry
Linear Equations in Two Variables
Coordinate Geometry
Geometry
Area
Constructions
- Introduction of Constructions
- Geometric Constructions
- Some Constructions of Triangles
Introduction to Euclid’S Geometry
Mensuration
Statistics and Probability
Lines and Angles
- Introduction to Lines and Angles
- Basic Terms and Definitions
- Intersecting Lines and Non-intersecting Lines
- Parallel Lines
- Concept of Pairs of Angles
- Concept of Transversal Lines
- Basic Properties of a Triangle
Probability
Triangles
Quadrilaterals
- Properties of Quadrilateral
- Another Condition for a Quadrilateral to Be a Parallelogram
- Theorem of Midpoints of Two Sides of a Triangle
- Property: The Opposite Sides of a Parallelogram Are of Equal Length.
- Theorem: A Diagonal of a Parallelogram Divides It into Two Congruent Triangles.
- Theorem : If Each Pair of Opposite Sides of a Quadrilateral is Equal, Then It is a Parallelogram.
- Property: The Opposite Angles of a Parallelogram Are of Equal Measure.
- Theorem: If in a Quadrilateral, Each Pair of Opposite Angles is Equal, Then It is a Parallelogram.
- Property: The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. (at the point of their intersection)
- Theorem : If the Diagonals of a Quadrilateral Bisect Each Other, Then It is a Parallelogram
Circles
Areas - Heron’S Formula
- Area of a Triangle by Heron's Formula
- Application of Heron’s Formula in Finding Areas of Quadrilaterals
- Geometric Interpretation of the Area of a Triangle
Surface Areas and Volumes
Statistics
Notes
On the number line, distances from a fixed point are marked in equal units positively in one direction and negatively in the other. The point from which the distances are marked is called the origin.
The number line to represent the numbers by marking points on a line at equal distances. If one unit distance represents the number ‘1’, then 3 units distance represents the number ‘3’, ‘0’ being at the origin. The point in the positive direction at a distance r from the origin represents the number r where as the negative direction at a distance r from the origin represents the number -r. Fig.
The perpendicular lines are actually obtained as follows : Take two number lines, calling them X′X and Y′Y. Place X′X horizontal as following fig.
and the numbers on it just as written on the number line. We do the same thing with Y′Y except that Y′Y is vertical, not horizontal in following fig.
Combine both the lines in such a way that the two lines cross each other at their zeroes, or origins in following fig.
The horizontal line X′X is called the x - axis and the vertical line YY′ is called the y - axis. The point where X′X and Y′Y cross is called the origin, and is denoted by O. Since the positive numbers lie on the directions OX and OY, OX and OY are called the positive directions of the x - axis and the y - axis, respectively. Similarly, OX′ and OY′ are called the negative directions of the x - axis and the y - axis, respectively.
The axes (plural of the word ‘axis’) divide the plane into four parts. These four parts are called the quadrants (one fourth part), numbered I, II, III and IV anticlockwise from OX in following fig.
The Cartesian plane, or the coordinate plane, or the xy-plane. The axes are called the coordinate axes.
