Topics
Circular Motion
- Angular Displacement
- Angular Velocity
- Angular Acceleration
- Angular Velocity and Its Relation with Linear Velocity
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Radial Acceleration
- Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion - Centripetal Force
- Centrifugal Forces
- Banking of Roads
- Vertical Circular Motion Due to Earth’s Gravitation
- Equation for Velocity and Energy at Different Positions of Vertical Circular Motion
- Kinematical Equations for Circular Motion in Analogy with Linear Motion.
Rotational Dynamics
- Rotational Dynamics
- Circular Motion and Its Characteristics
- Applications of Uniform Circular Motion
- Vertical Circular Motion
- Moment of Inertia as an Analogous Quantity for Mass
- Radius of Gyration
- Theorems of Perpendicular and Parallel Axes
- Angular Momentum or Moment of Linear Momentum
- Expression for Torque in Terms of Moment of Inertia
- Conservation of Angular Momentum
- Rolling Motion
- Overview: Rotational Dynamics
Mechanical Properties of Fluids
- Fluid and Its Properties
- Thrust and Pressure
- Pressure of liquid
- Pressure Exerted by a Liquid Column
- Atmospheric Pressure
- Gauge Pressure and Absolute Pressure
- Hydrostatic Paradox
- Pascal’s Law
- Application of Pascal’s Law
- Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure
- Mercury Barometer (Simple Barometer)
- Open Tube Manometer
- Surface Tension
- Molecular Theory of Surface Tension
- Surface Tension and Surface Energy
- Angle of Contact
- Effect of Impurity and Temperature on Surface Tension
- Excess Pressure Across the Free Surface of a Liquid
- Explanation of Formation of Drops and Bubbles
- Capillarity and Capillary Action
- Fluids in Motion
- Critical Velocity and Reynolds Number
- Viscous Force or Viscosity
- Stokes’ Law
- Terminal Velocity
- Continuous and Discontinuous Functions
- Bernoulli's Equation
- Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
- Overview: Mechanical Properties of Fluids
Gravitation
- Newton’s Law of Gravitation
- Periodic Time
- Kepler’s Laws
- Binding Energy and Escape Velocity of a Satellite
- Weightlessness
- Variation of ‘G’ Due to Lattitude and Motion
- Variation in the Acceleration>Variation in Gravity with Altitude
- Communication satellite and its uses
- Composition of Two S.H.M.’S Having Same Period and Along Same Line
Angular Momentum
- Definition of M.I., K.E. of Rotating Body
- Rolling Motion
- Physical Significance of M.I (Moment of Inertia)
- Torque and Angular Momentum
- Theorems of Perpendicular and Parallel Axes
- M.I. of Some Regular Shaped Bodies About Specific Axes
Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation
- Gases and Its Characteristics
- Classification of Gases: Real Gases and Ideal Gases
- Mean Free Path
- Expression for Pressure Exerted by a Gas
- Root Mean Square (RMS) Speed
- Interpretation of Temperature in Kinetic Theory
- Law of Equipartition of Energy
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Absorption, Reflection, and Transmission of Heat Radiation
- Perfect Blackbody
- Emission of Heat Radiation
- Kirchhoff’s Law of Heat Radiation and Its Theoretical Proof
- Spectral Distribution of Blackbody Radiation
- Wien's Displacement Law
- Stefan-boltzmann Law of Radiation
- Overview: Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation
Oscillations
- Periodic and Oscillatory Motion
- Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.)
- Differential Equation of Linear S.H.M.
- Projection of U.C.M.(Uniform Circular Motion) on Any Diameter
- Phase of K.E (Kinetic Energy)
- K.E.(Kinetic Energy) and P.E.(Potential Energy) in S.H.M.
- Composition of Two S.H.M.’S Having Same Period and Along Same Line
- Some Systems Executing Simple Harmonic Motion
Thermodynamics
- Thermodynamics
- Thermal Equilibrium
- Measurement of Temperature
- Heat, Internal Energy and Work
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Thermodynamic State Variables and Equation of State
- Thermodynamic Process
- Heat Engine
- Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
- Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Carnot Cycle and Carnot Engine
- Overview: Thermodynamics
Oscillations
- Oscillations
- Explanation of Periodic Motion
- Linear Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.)
- Differential Equation of Linear S.H.M.
- Acceleration (a), Velocity (v) and Displacement (x) of S.H.M.
- Amplitude (A), Period (T) and Frequency (N) of S.H.M.
- Reference Circle Method
- Phase in S.H.M.
- Graphical Representation of S.H.M.
- Composition of Two S.H.M.’S Having Same Period and Along Same Line
- The Energy of a Particle Performing S.H.M.
- Simple Pendulum
- Angular S.H.M. and It's Differential Equation
- Damped Oscillations
- Free Oscillations, Forced Oscillations and Resonance Oscillations
- Periodic and Oscillatory Motion
- Overview: Oscillations
Elasticity
- Eneral Explanation of Elastic Property
- Stress and Strain
- Hooke’s Law
- Elastic Energy
- Elastic Constants and Their Relation
- Determination of ‘Y’
- Behaviour of Metal Wire Under Increasing Load
- Application of Elastic Behaviour of Materials
Superposition of Waves
Surface Tension
- Molecular Theory of Surface Tension
- Surface Tension
- Capillarity and Capillary Action
- Effect of Impurity and Temperature on Surface Tension
Wave Optics
- Introduction to Wave Optics
- Nature of Light
- Light as a Wave
- Huygens Principle
- Reflection of Light at a Plane Surface
- Refraction of Light at a Plane Boundary Between Two Media
- Polarisation of Light
- Interference
- Diffraction of Light
- Resolving Power of Optical Instruments
- Overview: Wave Optics
Wave Motion
- Wave Motion Introduction
- Simple Harmonic Progressive Waves,
- Reflection of Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
- Change of Phase
- Principle of Superposition of Waves
- Formation of Beats
- Beats
Stationary Waves
- Study of Vibrations in a Finite Medium
- Formation of Stationary Waves on String
- Study of Vibrations of Air Columns
- Free and Forced Vibrations
- Forced Oscillations and Resonance
Electrostatics
- Concept of Electrostatics
- Application of Gauss' Law
- Electric Potential and Potential Difference
- Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge
- Equipotential Surfaces
- Electrical Energy of Two Point Charges and of a Dipole in an Electrostatic Field
- Free and Bound Charges
- Combination of Capacitors
- Displacement Current
- Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor
- Van De Graaff Generator
- Uniformly Charged Infinite Plane Sheet and Uniformly Charged Thin Spherical Shell (Field Inside and Outside)
- Overview: Electrostatics
Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation
- Concept of an Ideal Gas
- Assumptions of Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Derivation for Pressure of a Gas
- Degrees of Freedom
- Derivation of Boyle’s Law
- Thermal Equilibrium
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat Engine
- Temperature and Heat
- Qualitative Ideas of Black Body Radiation
- Wien's Displacement Law
- Green House Effect
- Stefan's Law
- Maxwell Distribution
- Specific Heat Capacities - Gases
- Law of Equipartition of Energy
Current Electricity
Wave Theory of Light
Magnetic Fields Due to Electric Current
- Magnetic Fields Due to Electric Current
- Magnetic force
- Cyclotron
- Helical Motion
- Magnetic Force on a Wire Carrying a Current
- Force on a Closed Circuit in a Magnetic Field
- Torque on a Current-Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Magnetic Dipole Moment
- Magnetic Potential Energy of a Dipole
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current-carrying Conductor: Biot-savart's Law
- Force of Attraction Between Two Long Parallel Wires
- Magnetic Field Produced by a Current in a Circular Arc of a Wire
- Applications of Biot-Savart's Law > Magnetic Field at the Axis of a Circular Current-carrying Loop
- Magnetic Lines for a Current Loop
- Ampere’s Circuital Law
- Applications of Ampere’s Circuital Law > Magnetic Field of a Toroidal Solenoid
- Overview: Magnetic Fields Due to Electric Current
Interference and Diffraction
- Interference of Light
- Conditions for Producing Steady Interference Pattern
- Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment
- Analytical Treatment of Interference Bands
- Measurement of Wavelength by Biprism Experiment
- Fraunhofer's Diffraction Due to a Single-slit
- Rayleigh’s Criterion
- Resolving Power of a Microscope and Telescope
- Interference Vs Diffraction
Magnetic Materials
- Selection of Magnetic Materials
- Torque Acting on a Magnetic Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Origin of Magnetism in Materials
- Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
- Magnetic Properties of Materials
- Classification of Magnetic Materials
- Hysteresis: Retentivity and Coercivity
- Permanent Magnet
- Magnetic Shielding
- Overview: Magnetic Materials
Electromagnetic Induction
- Introduction to Electromagnetic Induction
- Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- Lenz's Law
- Flux of a Vector Field
- Motional Electromotive Force (e.m.f.)
- Induced Emf in a Stationary Coil in a Changing Magnetic Field
- Generators
- Back Emf and Back Torque
- Induction and Energy Transfer
- Eddy Currents or Foucault Currents
- Self Inductance
- Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field
- Energy Density of a Magnetic Field
- Mutual Inductance
- Transformers
- Overview of Electromagnetic Induction
Electrostatics
- Mechanical Force on Unit Area of a Charged Conductor
- Energy Density of a Medium
- Concept of Condenser
- The Parallel Plate Capacitor
- Capacity of Parallel Plate Condenser
- Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance
- Energy of Charged Condenser
- Condensers in Series and Parallel,
- Van-deGraaff Generator
AC Circuits
- Introduction to Ac and Aс Circuits
- Values of Alternating Current
- Phasors
- AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor
- AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
- AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor
- AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit
- Power in AC Circuit
- LC Oscillations
- Electric Resonance
- Sharpness of Resonance: Q Factor
- Choke Coil
- Overview: AC Circuits
Current Electricity
- Meter Bridge
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
Magnetism
Structure of Atoms and Nuclei
- Structure of the Atom and Nucleus
- Thomson’s Atomic Model
- Geiger-marsden Experiment
- Rutherford’s Atomic Model
- Atomic Spectra
- Neils Bohr’s Model of an Atom
- Atomic Nucleus
- Constituents of a Nucleus
- Isotopes
- Atomic and Nuclear Masses
- Size of the Nucleus
- Mass Defect and Binding Energy
- Binding Energy Curve
- Forms of Energy > Nuclear Energy
- Nuclear Binding Energy
- Radioactive Decays
- Law of Radioactive Decay
- Overview: Structure of Atoms and Nuclei
Electromagnetic Inductions
- Introduction to Electromagnetic Induction
- Self Inductance
- Mutual Inductance
- Transformers
- Need for Displacement Current
- Coil Rotating in Uniform Magnetic Induction
- Alternating-Current Generator
- Reactance and Impedance
- LC Oscillations
- Inductance and Capacitance
- Resonant Circuits
- Power in AC Circuit
- Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy
Semiconductor Devices
Electrons and Photons
Atoms, Molecules and Nuclei
- Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
- Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom
- Hydrogen Spectrum
- Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus
- Radioactivity
- Law of Radioactive Decay
- Atomic Mass, Mass - Energy Relation and Mass Defect
- Nuclear Binding Energy
- Nuclear Fusion
- de-Broglie Relation
- Wave Nature of Matter
- Wavelength of an Electron
- Davisson and Germer Experiment
- Continuous and Characteristics X-rays
- Mass Defect and Binding Energy
Semiconductors
- Energy Bands in Materials
- Extrinsic Semiconductor
- Applications of n-type and p-type Semiconductors
- Special Purpose P-n Junction Diodes
- Semiconductor Diode
- Voltage Regulator
- I-V Characteristics of Led
- Transistor and Characteristics of a Transistor
- Transistor as an Amplifier (Ce-configuration)
- Transistor as a Switch
- Oscillators
- Digital Electronics and Logic Gates
Communication Systems
Estimated time: 3 minutes
CISCE: Class 12
Permanent Magnets
Property Required: High retentivity + High coercivity
- Once magnetised, the material must retain magnetism for a long time and must resist demagnetisation by stray external fields.
- Materials Used: Steel (especially cobalt steel), Alnico, Ticonal.
Steel and its alloys have a wide hysteresis loop, meaning high retentivity and high coercivity — ideal for a stable, long-lasting magnet.
Real-life Example: Loudspeaker magnets and magnetic compass needles use alnico/steel because they must stay magnetised indefinitely without an external field.
CISCE: Class 12
Electromagnets
Property Required: High permeability (especially at low magnetising fields) + Low retentivity
- Must magnetise easily when current flows and demagnetise quickly when current stops — needed for switching applications.
- Material Used: Soft iron.
Soft iron has a narrow hysteresis loop — it gains and loses magnetism rapidly with minimal energy loss, and does not retain magnetism once the current is switched off.
Real-life Example: Electric bell mechanisms and cranes that lift/drop scrap metal rely on soft iron cores that lose magnetism instantly when power is cut.
CISCE: Class 12
Transformer Cores & Telephone Diaphragms
Property Required: Low hysteresis loss + High permeability + High specific resistance
- The core must minimise energy dissipation (heat loss) and eddy-current losses during continuous AC cycling.
- Materials Used: Soft iron, Permalloy, Mu-metal.
These alloys combine very low hysteresis loss with high electrical resistance, reducing both hysteresis and eddy-current heating — crucial for devices operating continuously on an AC supply.
Real-life Example: Transformer laminated cores use silicon steel/permalloy to minimise energy loss during 24/7 operation in power grids.
