Topics
Reproduction in Organisms
Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Flower
- Accessory Organs
- Essential Parts of Flower: Androecium
- Essential Parts of Flower: Gynoecium
- Sexual Reproduction in Plants
- Pre-fertilization in Plant: Structure and Events
- Structure and Development of Anther
- Transverse Section of Mature Anther (Microsporangium)
- Microspores and Pollen Grains
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Pollen Grains
- Structure and Development of Ovule
- Artificial Hybridization or Artificial Fertilization
- Self-pollination
- Cross-pollination
- Abiotic Agents
- Biotic Agents
- Double Fertilization and Triple Fusion
- Post Fertilisation in Plant: Structures and Events
- Development of Seed
- Development of Fruit
Genetics and Evolution
Biology and Human Welfare
Human Reproduction
- Microscopic Anatomy of Ovary
- Menstrual Cycle (Ovarian Cycle)
- Gametogenesis
- Embryo Development Upto Blastocyst Formation
- Fertilization in Human
- Implantation in Human
Reproductive Health
Biotechnology and Its Applications
Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Introduction of Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Terminology Related to Mendelism
- Mendel's Experiments on Inheritance
- Extensions of Mendelian Genetics (Deviation from Mendelism)
- Intragenic Interactions - Dominance
- Historical Development of Chromosome Theory
- Comparison Between Gene and Chromosome Behaviour
- Mendel's Laws > The Law of Segregation (Law of Purity of Gametes)
- Sex Determination in Some Insects
- Mendelian Genetics
- Chromosomal Disorders or Abnormalities
Ecology and Environment
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Evolution
Human Health and Diseases
Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
Microbes in Human Welfare
Biotechnology - Principles and Processes
- Concept of Biotechnology
- Principles of Processes of Biotechnology
- Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
- Cloning Vectors
- Competent Host (For Transformation with Recombinant DNA)
- Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology
Biotechnology and Its Application
- Concept of Biotechnology
- Transgenic Animals
- Biosafety Issues
Organisms and Populations
- Population Attributes
- Life History Variation
- Adaptations
Ecosystem
Biodiversity and Its Conservation
- Biodiversity
- Importance of Species Diversity to the Ecosystem
- Patterns of Biodiversity
- Loss of Biodiversity
- Endangered Organisms
- Extinction
Environmental Issues
- Controlling Vehicular Air Pollution: a Case Study of Delhi
- Effects of Domestic Sewage and Industrial Effluents on Water
- Solid Wastes
- Radioactive Wastes
- Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
- Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
- Degradation by Improper Resource Utilisation and Maintenance
- Radioactive Waste Management and E-waste
Estimated time: 2 minutes
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: The Machinery and the Enzymes
- Main enzyme = DNA-dependent DNA polymerase; polymerises at ~2000 bp/sec; mistakes cause mutations.
- Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates act as substrates and provide energy for polymerisation.
- Replication occurs at the replication fork; only in the 5' to 3' direction; one strand = continuous, the other = discontinuous; fragments are joined by DNA ligase.
- Replication starts at a fixed point called the origin of replication; DNA polymerase cannot initiate randomly.
- In eukaryotes, replication occurs in the S-phase; failure of cell division after replication causes polyploidy.
