- Importance of Democracy: Globalisation has promoted participatory and citizen-centered governance.
- Position of the State: The State’s role is challenged by global markets, international laws and internal issues.
- Role of Non-State Actors: NGOs like Amnesty and Greenpeace influence global human rights issues.
- Human Rights Debate: Developing countries stress economic development before civil and political rights.
- Sovereignty under Challenge: International treaties and global issues limit state sovereignty.
- State Still Important: The State remains strong through its institutions and protects national interests.
Topics
The World since 1991
Key Concepts and Issues since 1991: Globalisation
Key Concepts and Issues since 1991: Humanitarian Issues
Contemporary India: Challenges to Peace, Stability and National Integration
Contemporary India: Good Governance
India and the World
- Objectives of Indian Foreign Policy
- Principles of Indian Foreign Policy
- Concept of Non-Alignment Movement
- Factors Influencing Indian Foreign Policy
- India’s Relations with the World
- Major Powers in the World
- India as Emerging Power
- Neighbourhood of India
- Africa in the Indian World View
- Indian Ocean Region
- Overview of India and the World
Estimated time: 14 minutes
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Key Points: Globalisation
- Globalisation means the world has become more interconnected.
- Technology has made communication and education easier across countries.
- Goods moving freely between nations.
- Events in one part of the world affect people in other regions.
- Economic, political, social, and cultural changes are closely interconnected.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Key Points: Economic Issues
- Free flow of capital: After the 1990s, money started moving freely across countries, increasing investments.
- Foreign investment in India: Foreign companies invested in India’s infrastructure and consumer sectors.
- Need for foreign capital: India accepted foreign investment due to limited domestic resources.
- Change in trade rules: GATT was replaced by WTO in 1995 to promote global trade.
- Expansion of trade: Trade expanded to services like banking, insurance and intellectual property.
- Containerisation: Container ships made transport faster, cheaper and efficient.
- Rise of multinational companies: MNCs started operating in many countries, increasing global business.
- Impact on labour and agriculture: Globalisation created jobs, migration and new markets for Indian farm products.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Key Points: Key Economic Terms
- Multinational Company (MNC): A company operating in many countries but controlled from one home country.
- Transnational Corporation (TNC): A borderless company with no fixed home country or headquarters.
- Service Sector: The third economic sector that provides services like catering, security, and housekeeping.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Key Points: Political Issues
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Key Points: Ideological Issues
- During the Cold War, countries were divided into socialist and capitalist ideological blocs.
- Political ideology strongly influenced a country’s economic system.
- India followed a mixed economic system combining socialism and capitalism.
- Market economy has become the dominant system worldwide.
- Countries follow different forms of market economybased on their ideology.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Key Points: Technology
- Rapid technological growth since the 1990s transformed global communication.
- Satellite TV, mobile phones, and the internet revolutionised daily life.
- Media in India expanded from Doordarshan to multiple private TV channels
- Communication shifted from trunk calls to widespread mobile connectivity.
- The internet enabled instant global connection and information sharing.
- Social media platforms like WhatsApp and Instagram increased social networking.
- Technology helped transnational groups and organisations operate across borders.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Key Points: Social and Cultural Issues of Globalisation
- Global awareness: Media and internet increased awareness about global events and cultures.
- Global cosmopolitan culture: A mixed global culture has developed, mainly influenced by the West.
- Change in lifestyles: Food, dress and festivals have become more modern and westernised.
- Rise of individualism: Urbanisation has weakened traditional family systems and increased materialism.
- Positive effects: Globalisation created jobs, opportunities and better connectivity.
- Negative effects: Fear of harm to welfare policies, small businesses and farmers.
- Role of the State: The State must protect core values and support weaker sections.
