CISCE Class 12 Economics Solutions Guide
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CISCE Class 12 Economics Textbook Solutions
Questions and answers for the Class 12 Economics Textbook are on this page. R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics Digest CISCE will help students understand the concepts better.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics Chapterwise List | Class 12 Economics Digest
The answers to the R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar books are the best study material for students. Listed below are the chapter-wise R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Economics Class 12 Solutions CISCE.
Chapters
- Unit 1 : MICRO ECONOMIC THEORY
- • 1: Micro and Macro Economics - An Introduction
- • 2: Demand and Law of Demand
- • 3: Elasticity of Demand
- • 4: Theory of Consumer's Behaviour : Cardinal Utility Analysis
- • 5: Theory of Consumer's Behaviour : Indifference Curve Analysis
- • 6: Supply and Law of Supply
- • 7: Revenue Analysis
- • 8: Cost Theory Analysis
- • 9: Forms of Market
- • 10: Concept of Production and Law of Returns
- • 11: Equilibrium of Firm and Industry Under Perfect Competition
- • 12: Producer's Equilibrium Under Perfect Competition
- • 13: Price Output Under Perfect Competition
- • 14: Price Output Determination Under Monopoly
- • 15: Price Output Determination Under Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly
- Unit 2 : THEORY OF INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT
- • 16: Basic Concepts of Macro Economics
- • 17: Aggregate Demand and Supply - Determinants of Equilibrium
- • 18: Consumption Function {Propensity to Consume)
- • 19: Concept of Investments-Types and Determinants
- • 20: Multiplier - I : Static and Dynamic
- • 21: Full Employment and Voluntary Unemployment
- • 22: Problems of Deficient Demand and Excesss Demand
- • 23: Measures to Correct Deficient and Excess Demand
- Unit 3 : MONEY AND BANKING
- • 24: Money - An Introduction
- • 25: Bank and Commercial Bank
- • 26: Central Bank
- Unit 4 : INTERNATIONAL TRADE
- • 27: Balance of Payments
- • 28: Foreign Exchange Rate
- Unit 5 : PUBLIC FINANCE
- • 29: Fiscal Policy
- • 30: Budget
- Unit 6 ; NATIONAL INCOME
- • 31: National Income and Circular Flow of Income
- • 32: Concepts of National Income
- • 33: Measurement of National Income
- • 34: National Income and Economic Welfare
Appears in
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Chapters covered in R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Economics [English] Class 12 ISC
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 1: Micro and Macro Economics - An Introduction
Concepts covered in Micro and Macro Economics - An Introduction are Assumptions of Indifference Curve Analysis, Cardinal Utility Analysis / Marginal Utility Analysis, Change in Demand – Shift in Demand Curve, Comparison of Utility Theory and Indifference Curve Theory, Concept of Utility, Consumer's Equilibrium through Cardinal Utility Approach, Consumer's Equilibrium through Indifference Curve Approach, Cross Price Effects, Demand Curve, Demand Function, Demand Schedule, Determinants of Demand, Difference Between Contraction and Decrease in Demand, Difference Between Extension and Increase in Demand, Exceptions of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, Exceptions of the Law of Equi-marginal Utility, Exceptions to the Law of Demand, Features of Demand, Features of Utility, Forms of Utility, Impact of Tastes and Preferences on Demand for a Commodity, Importance of the Law of Demand, Importance of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, Importance of the Law of Equi-marginal Utility, Indifference Curve, Indifference Map, Indifference Schedule, Individual Demand Curve to Market Demand Curve, Industry Demand Vs Firm Demand, Introduction to Demand, Introduction to Microeconomics and Macroeconomics, Law of Demand, Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, Law of Equi-Marginal Utility, Linear Demand Curve, Macroeconomics, Macroeconomics Vs Microeconomics, Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS), Meaning of Demand, Microeconomics, Movement Along the Demand Curve, Ordinal Utility Analysis/Indifference Curve Analysis, Price Line or Budget Line, Properties of Indifference Curves, Quantity Demanded and Demand, Reasons for the Downward Slope of the Demand Curve, Relationship Between Income and Demand, Relationship Between Marginal Rate of Substitution and Marginal Utility, Relationship Between Total Utility and Marginal Utility, Slope of the Demand Curve, Total Utility and Marginal Utility, Types of Demand, Types of Marginal Utility.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 1: Micro and Macro Economics - An Introduction exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 22 | 1.7 to 1.8 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 6 | 1.8 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 2: Demand and Law of Demand
Concepts covered in Demand and Law of Demand are Assumptions of Indifference Curve Analysis, Cardinal Utility Analysis / Marginal Utility Analysis, Change in Demand – Shift in Demand Curve, Comparison of Utility Theory and Indifference Curve Theory, Concept of Utility, Consumer's Equilibrium through Cardinal Utility Approach, Consumer's Equilibrium through Indifference Curve Approach, Cross Price Effects, Demand Curve, Demand Function, Demand Schedule, Determinants of Demand, Difference Between Contraction and Decrease in Demand, Difference Between Extension and Increase in Demand, Exceptions of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, Exceptions of the Law of Equi-marginal Utility, Exceptions to the Law of Demand, Features of Demand, Features of Utility, Forms of Utility, Impact of Tastes and Preferences on Demand for a Commodity, Importance of the Law of Demand, Importance of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, Importance of the Law of Equi-marginal Utility, Indifference Curve, Indifference Map, Indifference Schedule, Individual Demand Curve to Market Demand Curve, Industry Demand Vs Firm Demand, Introduction to Demand, Introduction to Microeconomics and Macroeconomics, Law of Demand, Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, Law of Equi-Marginal Utility, Linear Demand Curve, Macroeconomics, Macroeconomics Vs Microeconomics, Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS), Meaning of Demand, Microeconomics, Movement Along the Demand Curve, Ordinal Utility Analysis/Indifference Curve Analysis, Price Line or Budget Line, Properties of Indifference Curves, Quantity Demanded and Demand, Reasons for the Downward Slope of the Demand Curve, Relationship Between Income and Demand, Relationship Between Marginal Rate of Substitution and Marginal Utility, Relationship Between Total Utility and Marginal Utility, Slope of the Demand Curve, Total Utility and Marginal Utility, Types of Demand, Types of Marginal Utility.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 2: Demand and Law of Demand exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 38 | 2.19 to 2.22 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 37 | 2.22 to 2.23 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 3: Elasticity of Demand
Concepts covered in Elasticity of Demand are Arc Elasticity of Demand, Classification of Price Elasticity - Degrees of Price Elasticity of Demand, Cross Elasticity of Demand, Factors Affecting Price Elasticity of Demand, Importance of Cross Elasticity of Demand, Importance of Elasticity of Demand, Importance of Income Elasticity, Income Elasticity of Demand, Introduction to Elasticity of Demand, Limitations of Cross Elasticity of Demand, Meaning and Types of Elasticity of Demand, Methods of Measuring Price Elasticity of Demand, Numerical Problems of Price Elasticity of Demand, Percentage or Proportionate Method, Point Method (Geometric Method), Price Elasticity of Demand, Revenue Method, Total Expenditure Method, Types of Income Elasticity of Demand, Туpes of Cross Elasticity of Demand.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 3: Elasticity of Demand exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 32 | 3.16 to 3.18 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 36 | 3.18 to 3.19 |
| EXERCISES | 3 | 3.20 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 4: Theory of Consumer's Behaviour : Cardinal Utility Analysis
Concepts covered in Theory of Consumer's Behaviour : Cardinal Utility Analysis are Assumptions of Indifference Curve Analysis, Cardinal Utility Analysis / Marginal Utility Analysis, Change in Demand – Shift in Demand Curve, Comparison of Utility Theory and Indifference Curve Theory, Concept of Utility, Consumer's Equilibrium through Cardinal Utility Approach, Consumer's Equilibrium through Indifference Curve Approach, Cross Price Effects, Demand Curve, Demand Function, Demand Schedule, Determinants of Demand, Difference Between Contraction and Decrease in Demand, Difference Between Extension and Increase in Demand, Exceptions of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, Exceptions of the Law of Equi-marginal Utility, Exceptions to the Law of Demand, Features of Demand, Features of Utility, Forms of Utility, Impact of Tastes and Preferences on Demand for a Commodity, Importance of the Law of Demand, Importance of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, Importance of the Law of Equi-marginal Utility, Indifference Curve, Indifference Map, Indifference Schedule, Individual Demand Curve to Market Demand Curve, Industry Demand Vs Firm Demand, Introduction to Demand, Introduction to Microeconomics and Macroeconomics, Law of Demand, Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, Law of Equi-Marginal Utility, Linear Demand Curve, Macroeconomics, Macroeconomics Vs Microeconomics, Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS), Meaning of Demand, Microeconomics, Movement Along the Demand Curve, Ordinal Utility Analysis/Indifference Curve Analysis, Price Line or Budget Line, Properties of Indifference Curves, Quantity Demanded and Demand, Reasons for the Downward Slope of the Demand Curve, Relationship Between Income and Demand, Relationship Between Marginal Rate of Substitution and Marginal Utility, Relationship Between Total Utility and Marginal Utility, Slope of the Demand Curve, Total Utility and Marginal Utility, Types of Demand, Types of Marginal Utility.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 4: Theory of Consumer's Behaviour : Cardinal Utility Analysis exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 37 | 4.18 to 4.20 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 12 | 4.20 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 5: Theory of Consumer's Behaviour : Indifference Curve Analysis
Concepts covered in Theory of Consumer's Behaviour : Indifference Curve Analysis are Assumptions of Indifference Curve Analysis, Cardinal Utility Analysis / Marginal Utility Analysis, Change in Demand – Shift in Demand Curve, Comparison of Utility Theory and Indifference Curve Theory, Concept of Utility, Consumer's Equilibrium through Cardinal Utility Approach, Consumer's Equilibrium through Indifference Curve Approach, Cross Price Effects, Demand Curve, Demand Function, Demand Schedule, Determinants of Demand, Difference Between Contraction and Decrease in Demand, Difference Between Extension and Increase in Demand, Exceptions of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, Exceptions of the Law of Equi-marginal Utility, Exceptions to the Law of Demand, Features of Demand, Features of Utility, Forms of Utility, Impact of Tastes and Preferences on Demand for a Commodity, Importance of the Law of Demand, Importance of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, Importance of the Law of Equi-marginal Utility, Indifference Curve, Indifference Map, Indifference Schedule, Individual Demand Curve to Market Demand Curve, Industry Demand Vs Firm Demand, Introduction to Demand, Introduction to Microeconomics and Macroeconomics, Law of Demand, Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, Law of Equi-Marginal Utility, Linear Demand Curve, Macroeconomics, Macroeconomics Vs Microeconomics, Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS), Meaning of Demand, Microeconomics, Movement Along the Demand Curve, Ordinal Utility Analysis/Indifference Curve Analysis, Price Line or Budget Line, Properties of Indifference Curves, Quantity Demanded and Demand, Reasons for the Downward Slope of the Demand Curve, Relationship Between Income and Demand, Relationship Between Marginal Rate of Substitution and Marginal Utility, Relationship Between Total Utility and Marginal Utility, Slope of the Demand Curve, Total Utility and Marginal Utility, Types of Demand, Types of Marginal Utility.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 5: Theory of Consumer's Behaviour : Indifference Curve Analysis exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 47 | 5.17 to 5.18 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 9 | 5.19 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 6: Supply and Law of Supply
Concepts covered in Supply and Law of Supply are Categories (Degrees) of Elasticity of Supply, Concept of Supply, Contraction of Supply and Decrease in Supply, Derivation of Market Supply Curve From Individual Supply Curves, Determinants of Elasticity of Supply, Determinants of Supply, Distinction Between Supply and Stock, Elasticity of Supply, Exceptions to the Law of Supply, Expansion of Supply and Increase in Supply, Explanation of the Law of Supply, Importance of Elasticity of Supply, Individual and Market Supply, Law of Supply, Meaning and Types of Elasticity of Demand, Measurement of Elasticity of Supply > Geometric or Point Method, Measurement of Elasticity of Supply > Percentage Method, Movement Along the Supply Curve Or Expansion and Contraction of Supply, Price Elasticity of Supply, Shift of the Supply Curve or Change in Supply, Supply Curve, Supply Function, Supply Schedule, Time Period and Supply.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 6: Supply and Law of Supply exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 48 | 6.17 to 6.19 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 33 | 6.20 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 7: Revenue Analysis
Concepts covered in Revenue Analysis are Average Cost Curves, Behaviour of Revenue Under Different Market Structures, Different Cost Concepts, Economic Cost, Fixed Cost and Variable Cost, Introduction to Cost of Production, LAC Curve U-shaped - Economies and Diseconomies of Scale, Long-run Average Cost (LAC) Curve, Long-Run Cost Curves, Long-run Marginal Cost (LMC) Curve, Marginal Cost (MC), Money Cost Or Accounting Cost / Explicit Cost, Numerical Problems Long-run Cost Curves, Numerical Problems of Revenue, Opportunity Cost, Private and Social Cost, Real Cost, Relationship between Average and Marginal Cost, Relationship Between Total, Average and Marginal Revenues Under Perfect Competition, Relationship Between Total, Average and Marginal Revenue Under Imperfect Competition, Revenue Concepts, Significance of Revenue Curve, Total Cost Curves.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 7: Revenue Analysis exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 21 | 7.15 to 7.16 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 8: Cost Theory Analysis
Concepts covered in Cost Theory Analysis are Average Cost Curves, Behaviour of Revenue Under Different Market Structures, Different Cost Concepts, Economic Cost, Fixed Cost and Variable Cost, Introduction to Cost of Production, LAC Curve U-shaped - Economies and Diseconomies of Scale, Long-run Average Cost (LAC) Curve, Long-Run Cost Curves, Long-run Marginal Cost (LMC) Curve, Marginal Cost (MC), Money Cost Or Accounting Cost / Explicit Cost, Numerical Problems Long-run Cost Curves, Numerical Problems of Revenue, Opportunity Cost, Private and Social Cost, Real Cost, Relationship between Average and Marginal Cost, Relationship Between Total, Average and Marginal Revenues Under Perfect Competition, Relationship Between Total, Average and Marginal Revenue Under Imperfect Competition, Revenue Concepts, Significance of Revenue Curve, Total Cost Curves.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 8: Cost Theory Analysis exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 66 | 8.22 to 8.25 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 52 | 8.25 to 8.27 |
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R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 9: Forms of Market
Concepts covered in Forms of Market are Bilateral Monopoly, Characteristics of Duopoly, Collusive Oligopoly, Comparison between different forms of market, Concept of Market, Cournot's Model, Demand Curves of Firms under Different Market Forms, Determination of Price and Equilibrium Under Monopoly, Difference Between Firm and Industry's Equilibrium, Difference Between Imperfect Competition and Monopolistic Competition, Duopoly, Equilibrium of Industry, Equilibrium Price and Output under Monopolistic Competition, Equilibrium with Selling Costs, Factors Determining Market / Extent of Market, Factors Determining Market Forms, Features of Monopolistic Competition, Features of Monopoly, Features of Monopsony, Features of Oligopoly, Features of Perfect Competition, Firm : An Economic Entity, Firm is a Price Taker, Not a Price Maker, Group Equilibrium in Monopolistic Competition, Long-run Equilibrium, Market Structure, Meaning of a Producer, Measures of Monopoly Power, Mergers, Monopolistic Competition, Monopoly, Monopoly Equilibrium and Laws of Costs, Monopsony, Nature of Demand and Cost Curves, Oligopoly, Other Forms of Market, Perfect Competition, Price and Output Determination under Oligopoly, Price and Output Discrimination Under Discriminating Monopoly, Price and Output Under Oligopoly Indeterminate, Price Discrimination or Discriminating Monopoly, Price Rigidity-Sweezy's Kinky Demand Curve Model or Equilibrium under Independent Action, Producer's Equilibrium under Perfect Competition, Producer's (Firm's) Equilibrium: Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost Approach, Producer's (Firm's) Equilibrium: Total Revenue and Total Cost Approach, Product Differentiation, Profit Maximisation Objective, Pure and Perfect Competition, Reasons for Price Stability, Rules for Profit-Maximisation, Selling Costs, Short-run Equilibrium, The Definition of Profits.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 9: Forms of Market exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 39 | 9.16 to 9.19 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 36 | 9.19 to 9.20 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 10: Concept of Production and Law of Returns
Concepts covered in Concept of Production and Law of Returns are Applicability of the Law of Variable Proportions, Assumptions of the Law of Variable Proportions, Changes in Production, Concept of Indivisibility, Concept of Production, Conditions Or Causes of Applicability, Diseconomies of Scale, Economies of Scale, Explanation of the Law of Variable Proportions, Factors of Production, Features of Production Function, Illustration of the Law of Variable Proportions, Law of Variable Proportions, Law of Variable Proportions and Returns to Scale Compared, Product, Production Function, Relationship between Average Product (AP) and Marginal Product (MP), Relationship between Total Product (TP) and Marginal Product (MP), Returns to a Factor - Laws of Returns to a Variable Factor, Returns to a Factor or Law of Returns, Scale of Production, Short-run and Long-run, Some Basic Concepts - Total, Average and Marginal Physical Products, Stages of Operation and the Decision to Produce, Statement of the Law of Variable Proportions, Three Stages of Production, Types of Production Functions, Variation of Output in the Long Run - Returns to Scale.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 10: Concept of Production and Law of Returns exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 34 | 10.23 to 10.26 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 36 | 10.26 to 10.27 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 11: Equilibrium of Firm and Industry Under Perfect Competition
Concepts covered in Equilibrium of Firm and Industry Under Perfect Competition are Bilateral Monopoly, Characteristics of Duopoly, Collusive Oligopoly, Comparison between different forms of market, Concept of Market, Cournot's Model, Demand Curves of Firms under Different Market Forms, Determination of Price and Equilibrium Under Monopoly, Difference Between Firm and Industry's Equilibrium, Difference Between Imperfect Competition and Monopolistic Competition, Duopoly, Equilibrium of Industry, Equilibrium Price and Output under Monopolistic Competition, Equilibrium with Selling Costs, Factors Determining Market / Extent of Market, Factors Determining Market Forms, Features of Monopolistic Competition, Features of Monopoly, Features of Monopsony, Features of Oligopoly, Features of Perfect Competition, Firm : An Economic Entity, Firm is a Price Taker, Not a Price Maker, Group Equilibrium in Monopolistic Competition, Long-run Equilibrium, Market Structure, Meaning of a Producer, Measures of Monopoly Power, Mergers, Monopolistic Competition, Monopoly, Monopoly Equilibrium and Laws of Costs, Monopsony, Nature of Demand and Cost Curves, Oligopoly, Other Forms of Market, Perfect Competition, Price and Output Determination under Oligopoly, Price and Output Discrimination Under Discriminating Monopoly, Price and Output Under Oligopoly Indeterminate, Price Discrimination or Discriminating Monopoly, Price Rigidity-Sweezy's Kinky Demand Curve Model or Equilibrium under Independent Action, Producer's Equilibrium under Perfect Competition, Producer's (Firm's) Equilibrium: Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost Approach, Producer's (Firm's) Equilibrium: Total Revenue and Total Cost Approach, Product Differentiation, Profit Maximisation Objective, Pure and Perfect Competition, Reasons for Price Stability, Rules for Profit-Maximisation, Selling Costs, Short-run Equilibrium, The Definition of Profits.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 11: Equilibrium of Firm and Industry Under Perfect Competition exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 25 | 11.11 to 11.13 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 12 | 11.13 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 12: Producer's Equilibrium Under Perfect Competition
Concepts covered in Producer's Equilibrium Under Perfect Competition are Bilateral Monopoly, Characteristics of Duopoly, Collusive Oligopoly, Comparison between different forms of market, Concept of Market, Cournot's Model, Demand Curves of Firms under Different Market Forms, Determination of Price and Equilibrium Under Monopoly, Difference Between Firm and Industry's Equilibrium, Difference Between Imperfect Competition and Monopolistic Competition, Duopoly, Equilibrium of Industry, Equilibrium Price and Output under Monopolistic Competition, Equilibrium with Selling Costs, Factors Determining Market / Extent of Market, Factors Determining Market Forms, Features of Monopolistic Competition, Features of Monopoly, Features of Monopsony, Features of Oligopoly, Features of Perfect Competition, Firm : An Economic Entity, Firm is a Price Taker, Not a Price Maker, Group Equilibrium in Monopolistic Competition, Long-run Equilibrium, Market Structure, Meaning of a Producer, Measures of Monopoly Power, Mergers, Monopolistic Competition, Monopoly, Monopoly Equilibrium and Laws of Costs, Monopsony, Nature of Demand and Cost Curves, Oligopoly, Other Forms of Market, Perfect Competition, Price and Output Determination under Oligopoly, Price and Output Discrimination Under Discriminating Monopoly, Price and Output Under Oligopoly Indeterminate, Price Discrimination or Discriminating Monopoly, Price Rigidity-Sweezy's Kinky Demand Curve Model or Equilibrium under Independent Action, Producer's Equilibrium under Perfect Competition, Producer's (Firm's) Equilibrium: Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost Approach, Producer's (Firm's) Equilibrium: Total Revenue and Total Cost Approach, Product Differentiation, Profit Maximisation Objective, Pure and Perfect Competition, Reasons for Price Stability, Rules for Profit-Maximisation, Selling Costs, Short-run Equilibrium, The Definition of Profits.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 12: Producer's Equilibrium Under Perfect Competition exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 19 | 12.8 to 12.9 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 12 | 12.9 to 12.10 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 13: Price Output Under Perfect Competition
Concepts covered in Price Output Under Perfect Competition are Applications of Tools of Demand and Supply Price Control, Assumptions and Conditions of Perfect Competition, Basic Concepts of Equilibrium and Equilibrium Price, Changes in Equilibrium, Comparison between Market Price and Normal Price, Determination of Equilibrium Prices, Effects of Changes (Shifts) in Demand on Equilibrium Price and Equilibrium Quantity, Effects of Changes (Shifts) in Supply on Equilibrium Price and Equilibrium Quantity, Effects of Simultaneous Changes (Shifts) in Demand and Supply, Equilibrium Price and Quantity in a Competitive Market, Importance of the Element in the Determination of Price, Important Areas of Applications of Tools of Demand and Supply Curves, Introduction to Market Mechanism, Meaning of Perfect Competition, Minimum Price Legislation or Floor Price, Mаximum Price Legislation or Price Ceiling and Rationing, Normal Price and Law of Returns, Practical Applications of Tools of Demand and Supply Analysis, Pure and Perfect Competition, Some Special Cases of Equilibrium, Time Element in the Theory of Price Determination.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 13: Price Output Under Perfect Competition exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 28 | 13.17 to 13.19 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 8 | 13.19 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 14: Price Output Determination Under Monopoly
Concepts covered in Price Output Determination Under Monopoly are Bilateral Monopoly, Characteristics of Duopoly, Collusive Oligopoly, Comparison between different forms of market, Concept of Market, Cournot's Model, Demand Curves of Firms under Different Market Forms, Determination of Price and Equilibrium Under Monopoly, Difference Between Firm and Industry's Equilibrium, Difference Between Imperfect Competition and Monopolistic Competition, Duopoly, Equilibrium of Industry, Equilibrium Price and Output under Monopolistic Competition, Equilibrium with Selling Costs, Factors Determining Market / Extent of Market, Factors Determining Market Forms, Features of Monopolistic Competition, Features of Monopoly, Features of Monopsony, Features of Oligopoly, Features of Perfect Competition, Firm : An Economic Entity, Firm is a Price Taker, Not a Price Maker, Group Equilibrium in Monopolistic Competition, Long-run Equilibrium, Market Structure, Meaning of a Producer, Measures of Monopoly Power, Mergers, Monopolistic Competition, Monopoly, Monopoly Equilibrium and Laws of Costs, Monopsony, Nature of Demand and Cost Curves, Oligopoly, Other Forms of Market, Perfect Competition, Price and Output Determination under Oligopoly, Price and Output Discrimination Under Discriminating Monopoly, Price and Output Under Oligopoly Indeterminate, Price Discrimination or Discriminating Monopoly, Price Rigidity-Sweezy's Kinky Demand Curve Model or Equilibrium under Independent Action, Producer's Equilibrium under Perfect Competition, Producer's (Firm's) Equilibrium: Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost Approach, Producer's (Firm's) Equilibrium: Total Revenue and Total Cost Approach, Product Differentiation, Profit Maximisation Objective, Pure and Perfect Competition, Reasons for Price Stability, Rules for Profit-Maximisation, Selling Costs, Short-run Equilibrium, The Definition of Profits.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 14: Price Output Determination Under Monopoly exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 31 | 14.15 to 14.17 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 8 | 14.17 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 15: Price Output Determination Under Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly
Concepts covered in Price Output Determination Under Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly are Bilateral Monopoly, Characteristics of Duopoly, Collusive Oligopoly, Comparison between different forms of market, Concept of Market, Cournot's Model, Demand Curves of Firms under Different Market Forms, Determination of Price and Equilibrium Under Monopoly, Difference Between Firm and Industry's Equilibrium, Difference Between Imperfect Competition and Monopolistic Competition, Duopoly, Equilibrium of Industry, Equilibrium Price and Output under Monopolistic Competition, Equilibrium with Selling Costs, Factors Determining Market / Extent of Market, Factors Determining Market Forms, Features of Monopolistic Competition, Features of Monopoly, Features of Monopsony, Features of Oligopoly, Features of Perfect Competition, Firm : An Economic Entity, Firm is a Price Taker, Not a Price Maker, Group Equilibrium in Monopolistic Competition, Long-run Equilibrium, Market Structure, Meaning of a Producer, Measures of Monopoly Power, Mergers, Monopolistic Competition, Monopoly, Monopoly Equilibrium and Laws of Costs, Monopsony, Nature of Demand and Cost Curves, Oligopoly, Other Forms of Market, Perfect Competition, Price and Output Determination under Oligopoly, Price and Output Discrimination Under Discriminating Monopoly, Price and Output Under Oligopoly Indeterminate, Price Discrimination or Discriminating Monopoly, Price Rigidity-Sweezy's Kinky Demand Curve Model or Equilibrium under Independent Action, Producer's Equilibrium under Perfect Competition, Producer's (Firm's) Equilibrium: Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost Approach, Producer's (Firm's) Equilibrium: Total Revenue and Total Cost Approach, Product Differentiation, Profit Maximisation Objective, Pure and Perfect Competition, Reasons for Price Stability, Rules for Profit-Maximisation, Selling Costs, Short-run Equilibrium, The Definition of Profits.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 15: Price Output Determination Under Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 32 | 15.25 to 15.26 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 11 | 15.27 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 16: Basic Concepts of Macro Economics
Concepts covered in Basic Concepts of Macro Economics are Aggregate Demand and Its Components, Aggregate Demand in a Three - Sector Economy, Balanced-Budget Multiplier, Basic Model of Income Determination, Comparative Static Analysis, Concept of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply, Deficient and Excess Demand and Business Cycle, Deficient Demand, Derivation of Multiplier Formula, Derivation of Saving Function, Desired (Ex Ante) and Effective Demand (Ex Post), Determination of Equilibrium Income and Output, Difference between Static and Dynamic Analysis, Dynamic Analysis, Dynamic Concept of Multiplier, Excess Demand, Features of the Consumption Function, Foreign Trade Policy, Graphic Presentation of Multiplier, Gross Investment and Net Investment, Importance of Investment, Importance of Multiplier, Importance of the Consumption Function, Induced and Autonomous Investment, Inflationary Gap, Introduction to Theory of Income and Employment, Investment Expenditure, Investment Multiplier, Investment Multiplier Defined, Leakages of Multipler, Limitations of Multiplier, Meaning of Full Employment and Voluntary Unemployment, Measures to Correct Deficient Demand, Measures to Correct the Excess Demand, Measures to Raise Propensity to Consume, Paradox of Thrift, Partial and General Equilibrium, Private and Public Investment, Propensity to Consume or Consumption Function, Propensity to Save - Saving Function, Psychological Law of Propensity to Consume, Relationship Between Consumption and Saving Functions, Saving-investment Approach, Shifting of the Consumption Function, Solved Numerical Problems on Propensity to Consume and Save, Equilibrium Income and Multiplier, Static Analysis, Static Multiplier, The Concept of Full Employment, The Multiplier Mechanism, Types of Multiplier, Unemployment Associated with Full Employment, Variables, Voluntary and Involuntary Unemployment.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 16: Basic Concepts of Macro Economics exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 35 | 16.7 to 16.8 |
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R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 17: Aggregate Demand and Supply - Determinants of Equilibrium
Concepts covered in Aggregate Demand and Supply - Determinants of Equilibrium are Aggregate Demand and Its Components, Aggregate Demand in a Three - Sector Economy, Balanced-Budget Multiplier, Basic Model of Income Determination, Comparative Static Analysis, Concept of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply, Deficient and Excess Demand and Business Cycle, Deficient Demand, Derivation of Multiplier Formula, Derivation of Saving Function, Desired (Ex Ante) and Effective Demand (Ex Post), Determination of Equilibrium Income and Output, Difference between Static and Dynamic Analysis, Dynamic Analysis, Dynamic Concept of Multiplier, Excess Demand, Features of the Consumption Function, Foreign Trade Policy, Graphic Presentation of Multiplier, Gross Investment and Net Investment, Importance of Investment, Importance of Multiplier, Importance of the Consumption Function, Induced and Autonomous Investment, Inflationary Gap, Introduction to Theory of Income and Employment, Investment Expenditure, Investment Multiplier, Investment Multiplier Defined, Leakages of Multipler, Limitations of Multiplier, Meaning of Full Employment and Voluntary Unemployment, Measures to Correct Deficient Demand, Measures to Correct the Excess Demand, Measures to Raise Propensity to Consume, Paradox of Thrift, Partial and General Equilibrium, Private and Public Investment, Propensity to Consume or Consumption Function, Propensity to Save - Saving Function, Psychological Law of Propensity to Consume, Relationship Between Consumption and Saving Functions, Saving-investment Approach, Shifting of the Consumption Function, Solved Numerical Problems on Propensity to Consume and Save, Equilibrium Income and Multiplier, Static Analysis, Static Multiplier, The Concept of Full Employment, The Multiplier Mechanism, Types of Multiplier, Unemployment Associated with Full Employment, Variables, Voluntary and Involuntary Unemployment.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 17: Aggregate Demand and Supply - Determinants of Equilibrium exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 33 | 17.9 to 17.11 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 4 | 17.12 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 18: Consumption Function {Propensity to Consume)
Concepts covered in Consumption Function {Propensity to Consume) are Aggregate Demand and Its Components, Aggregate Demand in a Three - Sector Economy, Balanced-Budget Multiplier, Basic Model of Income Determination, Comparative Static Analysis, Concept of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply, Deficient and Excess Demand and Business Cycle, Deficient Demand, Derivation of Multiplier Formula, Derivation of Saving Function, Desired (Ex Ante) and Effective Demand (Ex Post), Determination of Equilibrium Income and Output, Difference between Static and Dynamic Analysis, Dynamic Analysis, Dynamic Concept of Multiplier, Excess Demand, Features of the Consumption Function, Foreign Trade Policy, Graphic Presentation of Multiplier, Gross Investment and Net Investment, Importance of Investment, Importance of Multiplier, Importance of the Consumption Function, Induced and Autonomous Investment, Inflationary Gap, Introduction to Theory of Income and Employment, Investment Expenditure, Investment Multiplier, Investment Multiplier Defined, Leakages of Multipler, Limitations of Multiplier, Meaning of Full Employment and Voluntary Unemployment, Measures to Correct Deficient Demand, Measures to Correct the Excess Demand, Measures to Raise Propensity to Consume, Paradox of Thrift, Partial and General Equilibrium, Private and Public Investment, Propensity to Consume or Consumption Function, Propensity to Save - Saving Function, Psychological Law of Propensity to Consume, Relationship Between Consumption and Saving Functions, Saving-investment Approach, Shifting of the Consumption Function, Solved Numerical Problems on Propensity to Consume and Save, Equilibrium Income and Multiplier, Static Analysis, Static Multiplier, The Concept of Full Employment, The Multiplier Mechanism, Types of Multiplier, Unemployment Associated with Full Employment, Variables, Voluntary and Involuntary Unemployment.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 18: Consumption Function {Propensity to Consume) exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 38 | 18.15 to 18.17 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 11 | 18.18 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 19: Concept of Investments-Types and Determinants
Concepts covered in Concept of Investments-Types and Determinants are Aggregate Demand and Its Components, Aggregate Demand in a Three - Sector Economy, Balanced-Budget Multiplier, Basic Model of Income Determination, Comparative Static Analysis, Concept of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply, Deficient and Excess Demand and Business Cycle, Deficient Demand, Derivation of Multiplier Formula, Derivation of Saving Function, Desired (Ex Ante) and Effective Demand (Ex Post), Determination of Equilibrium Income and Output, Difference between Static and Dynamic Analysis, Dynamic Analysis, Dynamic Concept of Multiplier, Excess Demand, Features of the Consumption Function, Foreign Trade Policy, Graphic Presentation of Multiplier, Gross Investment and Net Investment, Importance of Investment, Importance of Multiplier, Importance of the Consumption Function, Induced and Autonomous Investment, Inflationary Gap, Introduction to Theory of Income and Employment, Investment Expenditure, Investment Multiplier, Investment Multiplier Defined, Leakages of Multipler, Limitations of Multiplier, Meaning of Full Employment and Voluntary Unemployment, Measures to Correct Deficient Demand, Measures to Correct the Excess Demand, Measures to Raise Propensity to Consume, Paradox of Thrift, Partial and General Equilibrium, Private and Public Investment, Propensity to Consume or Consumption Function, Propensity to Save - Saving Function, Psychological Law of Propensity to Consume, Relationship Between Consumption and Saving Functions, Saving-investment Approach, Shifting of the Consumption Function, Solved Numerical Problems on Propensity to Consume and Save, Equilibrium Income and Multiplier, Static Analysis, Static Multiplier, The Concept of Full Employment, The Multiplier Mechanism, Types of Multiplier, Unemployment Associated with Full Employment, Variables, Voluntary and Involuntary Unemployment.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 19: Concept of Investments-Types and Determinants exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 37 | 19.8 to 19.10 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 1 | 19.10 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 20: Multiplier - I : Static and Dynamic
Concepts covered in Multiplier - I : Static and Dynamic are Aggregate Demand and Its Components, Aggregate Demand in a Three - Sector Economy, Balanced-Budget Multiplier, Basic Model of Income Determination, Comparative Static Analysis, Concept of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply, Deficient and Excess Demand and Business Cycle, Deficient Demand, Derivation of Multiplier Formula, Derivation of Saving Function, Desired (Ex Ante) and Effective Demand (Ex Post), Determination of Equilibrium Income and Output, Difference between Static and Dynamic Analysis, Dynamic Analysis, Dynamic Concept of Multiplier, Excess Demand, Features of the Consumption Function, Foreign Trade Policy, Graphic Presentation of Multiplier, Gross Investment and Net Investment, Importance of Investment, Importance of Multiplier, Importance of the Consumption Function, Induced and Autonomous Investment, Inflationary Gap, Introduction to Theory of Income and Employment, Investment Expenditure, Investment Multiplier, Investment Multiplier Defined, Leakages of Multipler, Limitations of Multiplier, Meaning of Full Employment and Voluntary Unemployment, Measures to Correct Deficient Demand, Measures to Correct the Excess Demand, Measures to Raise Propensity to Consume, Paradox of Thrift, Partial and General Equilibrium, Private and Public Investment, Propensity to Consume or Consumption Function, Propensity to Save - Saving Function, Psychological Law of Propensity to Consume, Relationship Between Consumption and Saving Functions, Saving-investment Approach, Shifting of the Consumption Function, Solved Numerical Problems on Propensity to Consume and Save, Equilibrium Income and Multiplier, Static Analysis, Static Multiplier, The Concept of Full Employment, The Multiplier Mechanism, Types of Multiplier, Unemployment Associated with Full Employment, Variables, Voluntary and Involuntary Unemployment.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 20: Multiplier - I : Static and Dynamic exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 41 | 20.21 to 20.24 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 3 | 20.24 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 21: Full Employment and Voluntary Unemployment
Concepts covered in Full Employment and Voluntary Unemployment are Aggregate Demand and Its Components, Aggregate Demand in a Three - Sector Economy, Balanced-Budget Multiplier, Basic Model of Income Determination, Comparative Static Analysis, Concept of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply, Deficient and Excess Demand and Business Cycle, Deficient Demand, Derivation of Multiplier Formula, Derivation of Saving Function, Desired (Ex Ante) and Effective Demand (Ex Post), Determination of Equilibrium Income and Output, Difference between Static and Dynamic Analysis, Dynamic Analysis, Dynamic Concept of Multiplier, Excess Demand, Features of the Consumption Function, Foreign Trade Policy, Graphic Presentation of Multiplier, Gross Investment and Net Investment, Importance of Investment, Importance of Multiplier, Importance of the Consumption Function, Induced and Autonomous Investment, Inflationary Gap, Introduction to Theory of Income and Employment, Investment Expenditure, Investment Multiplier, Investment Multiplier Defined, Leakages of Multipler, Limitations of Multiplier, Meaning of Full Employment and Voluntary Unemployment, Measures to Correct Deficient Demand, Measures to Correct the Excess Demand, Measures to Raise Propensity to Consume, Paradox of Thrift, Partial and General Equilibrium, Private and Public Investment, Propensity to Consume or Consumption Function, Propensity to Save - Saving Function, Psychological Law of Propensity to Consume, Relationship Between Consumption and Saving Functions, Saving-investment Approach, Shifting of the Consumption Function, Solved Numerical Problems on Propensity to Consume and Save, Equilibrium Income and Multiplier, Static Analysis, Static Multiplier, The Concept of Full Employment, The Multiplier Mechanism, Types of Multiplier, Unemployment Associated with Full Employment, Variables, Voluntary and Involuntary Unemployment.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 21: Full Employment and Voluntary Unemployment exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 13 | 21.11 to 21.12 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 2 | 21.12 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 22: Problems of Deficient Demand and Excesss Demand
Concepts covered in Problems of Deficient Demand and Excesss Demand are Aggregate Demand and Its Components, Aggregate Demand in a Three - Sector Economy, Balanced-Budget Multiplier, Basic Model of Income Determination, Comparative Static Analysis, Concept of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply, Deficient and Excess Demand and Business Cycle, Deficient Demand, Derivation of Multiplier Formula, Derivation of Saving Function, Desired (Ex Ante) and Effective Demand (Ex Post), Determination of Equilibrium Income and Output, Difference between Static and Dynamic Analysis, Dynamic Analysis, Dynamic Concept of Multiplier, Excess Demand, Features of the Consumption Function, Foreign Trade Policy, Graphic Presentation of Multiplier, Gross Investment and Net Investment, Importance of Investment, Importance of Multiplier, Importance of the Consumption Function, Induced and Autonomous Investment, Inflationary Gap, Introduction to Theory of Income and Employment, Investment Expenditure, Investment Multiplier, Investment Multiplier Defined, Leakages of Multipler, Limitations of Multiplier, Meaning of Full Employment and Voluntary Unemployment, Measures to Correct Deficient Demand, Measures to Correct the Excess Demand, Measures to Raise Propensity to Consume, Paradox of Thrift, Partial and General Equilibrium, Private and Public Investment, Propensity to Consume or Consumption Function, Propensity to Save - Saving Function, Psychological Law of Propensity to Consume, Relationship Between Consumption and Saving Functions, Saving-investment Approach, Shifting of the Consumption Function, Solved Numerical Problems on Propensity to Consume and Save, Equilibrium Income and Multiplier, Static Analysis, Static Multiplier, The Concept of Full Employment, The Multiplier Mechanism, Types of Multiplier, Unemployment Associated with Full Employment, Variables, Voluntary and Involuntary Unemployment.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 22: Problems of Deficient Demand and Excesss Demand exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 23 | 22.10 to 22.12 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 3 | 22.12 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 23: Measures to Correct Deficient and Excess Demand
Concepts covered in Measures to Correct Deficient and Excess Demand are Aggregate Demand and Its Components, Aggregate Demand in a Three - Sector Economy, Balanced-Budget Multiplier, Basic Model of Income Determination, Comparative Static Analysis, Concept of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply, Deficient and Excess Demand and Business Cycle, Deficient Demand, Derivation of Multiplier Formula, Derivation of Saving Function, Desired (Ex Ante) and Effective Demand (Ex Post), Determination of Equilibrium Income and Output, Difference between Static and Dynamic Analysis, Dynamic Analysis, Dynamic Concept of Multiplier, Excess Demand, Features of the Consumption Function, Foreign Trade Policy, Graphic Presentation of Multiplier, Gross Investment and Net Investment, Importance of Investment, Importance of Multiplier, Importance of the Consumption Function, Induced and Autonomous Investment, Inflationary Gap, Introduction to Theory of Income and Employment, Investment Expenditure, Investment Multiplier, Investment Multiplier Defined, Leakages of Multipler, Limitations of Multiplier, Meaning of Full Employment and Voluntary Unemployment, Measures to Correct Deficient Demand, Measures to Correct the Excess Demand, Measures to Raise Propensity to Consume, Paradox of Thrift, Partial and General Equilibrium, Private and Public Investment, Propensity to Consume or Consumption Function, Propensity to Save - Saving Function, Psychological Law of Propensity to Consume, Relationship Between Consumption and Saving Functions, Saving-investment Approach, Shifting of the Consumption Function, Solved Numerical Problems on Propensity to Consume and Save, Equilibrium Income and Multiplier, Static Analysis, Static Multiplier, The Concept of Full Employment, The Multiplier Mechanism, Types of Multiplier, Unemployment Associated with Full Employment, Variables, Voluntary and Involuntary Unemployment.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 23: Measures to Correct Deficient and Excess Demand exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 28 | 23.11 to 23.12 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 3 | 23.12 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 24: Money - An Introduction
Concepts covered in Money - An Introduction are Barter system, Central Bank, Classification or Structure of Commercial Banks in India, Commercial Banks, Components of Money Supply, Concept of Money, Constitutents of Money Supply, Contingent Functions, Difference Between the Central Bank and the Commercial Banks, Difficulties of Barter System of Exchange, Evolution of Central Bank, Evolution of Money, Factors Affecting Credit Creation, Factors Affecting Money Supply, Features of Money, Functions of Central Bank, Functions of Commercial Bank, Functions of Money, High Powered Money, Importance of Central Bank, Importance of Money, Indian Monetary System, Inflation, Introduction to Banking System, Introduction to Money and Inflation, Measures of Money Supply, Methods of Credit Control by the Central Bank, Modern Forms of Money, Need for a Central Bank, Primary Functions, Process of Credit Creation by Commercial Banking System, Qualitative Methods of Credit Control by the Central Bank, Qualities of Good Money, Quantitative Methods of Credit Control by the Central Bank, Reserve Bank of India's Approach of Money Supply, Role of Banks in the Economy, Secondary Functions, Supply of Money, Types of Bank, Types of Inflation.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 24: Money - An Introduction exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 26 | 24.11 to 24.12 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 12 | 24.12 |
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R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 25: Bank and Commercial Bank
Concepts covered in Bank and Commercial Bank are Barter system, Central Bank, Classification or Structure of Commercial Banks in India, Commercial Banks, Components of Money Supply, Concept of Money, Constitutents of Money Supply, Contingent Functions, Difference Between the Central Bank and the Commercial Banks, Difficulties of Barter System of Exchange, Evolution of Central Bank, Evolution of Money, Factors Affecting Credit Creation, Factors Affecting Money Supply, Features of Money, Functions of Central Bank, Functions of Commercial Bank, Functions of Money, High Powered Money, Importance of Central Bank, Importance of Money, Indian Monetary System, Inflation, Introduction to Banking System, Introduction to Money and Inflation, Measures of Money Supply, Methods of Credit Control by the Central Bank, Modern Forms of Money, Need for a Central Bank, Primary Functions, Process of Credit Creation by Commercial Banking System, Qualitative Methods of Credit Control by the Central Bank, Qualities of Good Money, Quantitative Methods of Credit Control by the Central Bank, Reserve Bank of India's Approach of Money Supply, Role of Banks in the Economy, Secondary Functions, Supply of Money, Types of Bank, Types of Inflation.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 25: Bank and Commercial Bank exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 13 | 25.11 to 25.12 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 8 | 25.12 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 26: Central Bank
Concepts covered in Central Bank are Barter system, Central Bank, Classification or Structure of Commercial Banks in India, Commercial Banks, Components of Money Supply, Concept of Money, Constitutents of Money Supply, Contingent Functions, Difference Between the Central Bank and the Commercial Banks, Difficulties of Barter System of Exchange, Evolution of Central Bank, Evolution of Money, Factors Affecting Credit Creation, Factors Affecting Money Supply, Features of Money, Functions of Central Bank, Functions of Commercial Bank, Functions of Money, High Powered Money, Importance of Central Bank, Importance of Money, Indian Monetary System, Inflation, Introduction to Banking System, Introduction to Money and Inflation, Measures of Money Supply, Methods of Credit Control by the Central Bank, Modern Forms of Money, Need for a Central Bank, Primary Functions, Process of Credit Creation by Commercial Banking System, Qualitative Methods of Credit Control by the Central Bank, Qualities of Good Money, Quantitative Methods of Credit Control by the Central Bank, Reserve Bank of India's Approach of Money Supply, Role of Banks in the Economy, Secondary Functions, Supply of Money, Types of Bank, Types of Inflation.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 26: Central Bank exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 29 | 26.13 to 26.15 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 8 | 26.15 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 27: Balance of Payments
Concepts covered in Balance of Payments are Advantages of Fixed Exchange Rate, Advantages of Flexible Exchange Rate, Autonomous and Accommodating Items, Balance of Invisible Trade, Balance of Payments Disequilibrium, Balance of Payments Surplus and Deficit, Balance of Trade, Balance of Trade vs Current Account Balance, Balance Payment, Capital Account, Capital Account Balance, Categories of Balance of Payments, Causes Behind Unfavourable Bop, Components of Balance of Payments, Concept of Balance of Payments, Current Account, Definitions of Balance Payments, Demand for Foreign Exchange, Determination of Equilibrium Exchange Rate, Difference Between Devaluation and Depreciation, Disadvantages of Fixed Exchange Rate, Disadvantages of Flexible Exchange Rate, Exchange Rate System, Factors Responsible for Exchange Rate Fluctuation, Fiscal policies, Foreign Exchange, Foreign Exchange Rate, International Linkages, Meaning of Balance of Payments, Methods to Measure Balance of Payments, Monetary and Fiscal Policies to Correct Disequilibrium in the BOP Account, Open Economy and Its Linkages, Remedies for Unfavourable Bop, Shifts of the Demand Curve, Shifts of the Supply Curve, Some Related Concepts of Exchange Rate, Structure of Balance of Payments, Supply of Foreign Exchange, Terms of Trade - Errors and Omissions Excepted (E&OE), Types of Exchange Rate.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 27: Balance of Payments exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 15 | 27.13 to 27.14 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 28 | 27.14 to 27.15 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 28: Foreign Exchange Rate
Concepts covered in Foreign Exchange Rate are Advantages of Fixed Exchange Rate, Advantages of Flexible Exchange Rate, Autonomous and Accommodating Items, Balance of Invisible Trade, Balance of Payments Disequilibrium, Balance of Payments Surplus and Deficit, Balance of Trade, Balance of Trade vs Current Account Balance, Balance Payment, Capital Account, Capital Account Balance, Categories of Balance of Payments, Causes Behind Unfavourable Bop, Components of Balance of Payments, Concept of Balance of Payments, Current Account, Definitions of Balance Payments, Demand for Foreign Exchange, Determination of Equilibrium Exchange Rate, Difference Between Devaluation and Depreciation, Disadvantages of Fixed Exchange Rate, Disadvantages of Flexible Exchange Rate, Exchange Rate System, Factors Responsible for Exchange Rate Fluctuation, Fiscal policies, Foreign Exchange, Foreign Exchange Rate, International Linkages, Meaning of Balance of Payments, Methods to Measure Balance of Payments, Monetary and Fiscal Policies to Correct Disequilibrium in the BOP Account, Open Economy and Its Linkages, Remedies for Unfavourable Bop, Shifts of the Demand Curve, Shifts of the Supply Curve, Some Related Concepts of Exchange Rate, Structure of Balance of Payments, Supply of Foreign Exchange, Terms of Trade - Errors and Omissions Excepted (E&OE), Types of Exchange Rate.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 28: Foreign Exchange Rate exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 23 | 28.10 to 28.11 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 4 | 28.11 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 29: Fiscal Policy
Concepts covered in Fiscal Policy are Balanced and Unbalanced Budget, Balanced Budget vs Deficit or Surplud Budget, Budgetary Procedure, Budget Deficits, Budget Expenditure, Budget Receipts, Canons of Taxation, Capital Receipts, Components (Structure) of the Government Budget, Deficit Financing, Demerits of Direct Taxes, Demerits of Indirect Taxes, Developmental and Non-developmental Expenditures, Direct Taxes vs Indirect Taxes, Distinction Between Internal Debt and External Debt, Effective Role of Fiscal Policy for Underdeveloped or Developing Country, Effects of Deficit Financing, Effects of Government Borrowings on the Indian Economy, Fiscal Measures for Stabilisation, Fiscal Policy, Government Budget, Importance of Public Expenditure in a Developing Country, Instruments of Fiscal Policy, Introduction to Budget, Introduction to Public Finance, Kinds of Tax System > Degressive Tax, Kinds of Tax System > Digressive Tax, Kinds of Tax System > Progressive Tax, Kinds of Tax System > Proportional tax, Kinds of Tax System > Regressive Tax, Limitations of Fiscal Policy, Limits of Deficit Financing, Main Sources of Internal & External Debt of the Government of India, Merits of Direct Taxes, Merits of Indirect Taxes, Methods of Redemption of Public Debt, Modern Classification of Budget, Modified Value-Added Tax (MODVAT), MODVAT to CENVAT, Nature and Significance of Taxes, Need and Importance of Government Budget, Non-Tax Receipts, Objectives of Fiscal Policy, Objectives of Government Budget, Plan Expenditure and Non-plan Expenditure, Public Debt, Public Expenditure, Public Revenue, Reason for Deficit Financing, Reasons Behind External Public Debt, Reasons Behind Internal Public Debt, Reasons for the Growth of Public Expenditures in India for Recent Times, Revenue Expenditure and Capital Expenditure, Revenue Receipts, Role of Fiscal Policy, Role of Fiscal Policy to Control Inflationary Situation, Sources of Central Government Revenue, Sources of State Government Revenues, Structure (Types) of Public Debt, Tax and Fee, Tax Receipts, The Burden of Public Debt, Types of Government Budget in India, Types of Taxes, Unbalanced/Deficit - Surplus Budget, Value-Added Tax (VAT), Zero-Base Budgeting in India, Zero-Base Budgeting (ZBB).
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 29: Fiscal Policy exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 28 | 29.12 to 29.13 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 41 | 29.14 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 30: Budget
Concepts covered in Budget are Balanced and Unbalanced Budget, Balanced Budget vs Deficit or Surplud Budget, Budgetary Procedure, Budget Deficits, Budget Expenditure, Budget Receipts, Canons of Taxation, Capital Receipts, Components (Structure) of the Government Budget, Deficit Financing, Demerits of Direct Taxes, Demerits of Indirect Taxes, Developmental and Non-developmental Expenditures, Direct Taxes vs Indirect Taxes, Distinction Between Internal Debt and External Debt, Effective Role of Fiscal Policy for Underdeveloped or Developing Country, Effects of Deficit Financing, Effects of Government Borrowings on the Indian Economy, Fiscal Measures for Stabilisation, Fiscal Policy, Government Budget, Importance of Public Expenditure in a Developing Country, Instruments of Fiscal Policy, Introduction to Budget, Introduction to Public Finance, Kinds of Tax System > Degressive Tax, Kinds of Tax System > Digressive Tax, Kinds of Tax System > Progressive Tax, Kinds of Tax System > Proportional tax, Kinds of Tax System > Regressive Tax, Limitations of Fiscal Policy, Limits of Deficit Financing, Main Sources of Internal & External Debt of the Government of India, Merits of Direct Taxes, Merits of Indirect Taxes, Methods of Redemption of Public Debt, Modern Classification of Budget, Modified Value-Added Tax (MODVAT), MODVAT to CENVAT, Nature and Significance of Taxes, Need and Importance of Government Budget, Non-Tax Receipts, Objectives of Fiscal Policy, Objectives of Government Budget, Plan Expenditure and Non-plan Expenditure, Public Debt, Public Expenditure, Public Revenue, Reason for Deficit Financing, Reasons Behind External Public Debt, Reasons Behind Internal Public Debt, Reasons for the Growth of Public Expenditures in India for Recent Times, Revenue Expenditure and Capital Expenditure, Revenue Receipts, Role of Fiscal Policy, Role of Fiscal Policy to Control Inflationary Situation, Sources of Central Government Revenue, Sources of State Government Revenues, Structure (Types) of Public Debt, Tax and Fee, Tax Receipts, The Burden of Public Debt, Types of Government Budget in India, Types of Taxes, Unbalanced/Deficit - Surplus Budget, Value-Added Tax (VAT), Zero-Base Budgeting in India, Zero-Base Budgeting (ZBB).
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 30: Budget exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 67 | 30.27 to 30.30 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 41 | 30.30 to 30.31 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 31: National Income and Circular Flow of Income
Concepts covered in National Income and Circular Flow of Income are Basic Concepts of Microeconomics > Personal Disposable Income, Basic Concepts Related to Domestic Income and National Income, Circular Flow in Open Economy, Circular Flow of Income, Circular Flow of Income in a Four-Sector Economy, Circular Flow of Income in a Three-Sector Economy, Circular Flow of Income in a Two-Sector Economy, Circular Flow of Income in a Two-Sector Economy with Savings and Investment, Circular Flow of Production, Income and Expenditure, Classification of Factor Income, Concept of National Income, Consumer and Producer Goods, Difficulties of Measuring National Income in a Less-Developed Economy, Economic Goods and Non-Economic Goods, Equilibrium of the Flow of National Income Or Injections and Withdrawals, Estimation of Factor Income, Estimation of National Income, Expenditure Method, GDP and Welfare, GNP and Economic Welfare, Gross Domestic Product, Gross Domestic Product or Income at Factor Cost, Gross National Product, Gross National Product at Factor Cost, Important Concepts of National Income, Income from Domestic Product Accruing to Private Sector, Income Method, Intermediate Goods and Final Goods, Main Precautions in Expenditure Method, Main Precautions in Income Method, Main Precautions in Product Method, Material and Non-Material Goods, Measurement of Final Expenditure, Methods of Measurement of National Income, Microeconomics > Personal Income, National Disposable Income, Nature of Goods and Services, Net Domestic Product, Net Domestic Product or Income at Factor Cost, Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA), Net National Income or Product at Factor Cost, Net National Product (NNP), Net Product or Value Added Method, Output Method/Product Method, Per Capita Income, Private Income, Real Income, Relationship Between Arious National Income Aggregates, Significance of Circular Flow of Income, Significance or Importance of National Income, Single-Use (Non-Durable) Goods and Durable Goods, Summary of the Three Methods for Measurement of GDP, Transactions Included in National Income, Transactions not Included in National Income, Treatment of Items in the Estimation of GNP, Вasic Concept about Domestic Territory.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 31: National Income and Circular Flow of Income exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 28 | 31.14 to 31.15 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 11 | 31.15 to 31.16 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 32: Concepts of National Income
Concepts covered in Concepts of National Income are Basic Concepts of Microeconomics > Personal Disposable Income, Basic Concepts Related to Domestic Income and National Income, Circular Flow in Open Economy, Circular Flow of Income, Circular Flow of Income in a Four-Sector Economy, Circular Flow of Income in a Three-Sector Economy, Circular Flow of Income in a Two-Sector Economy, Circular Flow of Income in a Two-Sector Economy with Savings and Investment, Circular Flow of Production, Income and Expenditure, Classification of Factor Income, Concept of National Income, Consumer and Producer Goods, Difficulties of Measuring National Income in a Less-Developed Economy, Economic Goods and Non-Economic Goods, Equilibrium of the Flow of National Income Or Injections and Withdrawals, Estimation of Factor Income, Estimation of National Income, Expenditure Method, GDP and Welfare, GNP and Economic Welfare, Gross Domestic Product, Gross Domestic Product or Income at Factor Cost, Gross National Product, Gross National Product at Factor Cost, Important Concepts of National Income, Income from Domestic Product Accruing to Private Sector, Income Method, Intermediate Goods and Final Goods, Main Precautions in Expenditure Method, Main Precautions in Income Method, Main Precautions in Product Method, Material and Non-Material Goods, Measurement of Final Expenditure, Methods of Measurement of National Income, Microeconomics > Personal Income, National Disposable Income, Nature of Goods and Services, Net Domestic Product, Net Domestic Product or Income at Factor Cost, Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA), Net National Income or Product at Factor Cost, Net National Product (NNP), Net Product or Value Added Method, Output Method/Product Method, Per Capita Income, Private Income, Real Income, Relationship Between Arious National Income Aggregates, Significance of Circular Flow of Income, Significance or Importance of National Income, Single-Use (Non-Durable) Goods and Durable Goods, Summary of the Three Methods for Measurement of GDP, Transactions Included in National Income, Transactions not Included in National Income, Treatment of Items in the Estimation of GNP, Вasic Concept about Domestic Territory.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 32: Concepts of National Income exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 51 | 32.16 to 32.19 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 38 | 32.20 to 32.22 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 33: Measurement of National Income
Concepts covered in Measurement of National Income are Basic Concepts of Microeconomics > Personal Disposable Income, Basic Concepts Related to Domestic Income and National Income, Circular Flow in Open Economy, Circular Flow of Income, Circular Flow of Income in a Four-Sector Economy, Circular Flow of Income in a Three-Sector Economy, Circular Flow of Income in a Two-Sector Economy, Circular Flow of Income in a Two-Sector Economy with Savings and Investment, Circular Flow of Production, Income and Expenditure, Classification of Factor Income, Concept of National Income, Consumer and Producer Goods, Difficulties of Measuring National Income in a Less-Developed Economy, Economic Goods and Non-Economic Goods, Equilibrium of the Flow of National Income Or Injections and Withdrawals, Estimation of Factor Income, Estimation of National Income, Expenditure Method, GDP and Welfare, GNP and Economic Welfare, Gross Domestic Product, Gross Domestic Product or Income at Factor Cost, Gross National Product, Gross National Product at Factor Cost, Important Concepts of National Income, Income from Domestic Product Accruing to Private Sector, Income Method, Intermediate Goods and Final Goods, Main Precautions in Expenditure Method, Main Precautions in Income Method, Main Precautions in Product Method, Material and Non-Material Goods, Measurement of Final Expenditure, Methods of Measurement of National Income, Microeconomics > Personal Income, National Disposable Income, Nature of Goods and Services, Net Domestic Product, Net Domestic Product or Income at Factor Cost, Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA), Net National Income or Product at Factor Cost, Net National Product (NNP), Net Product or Value Added Method, Output Method/Product Method, Per Capita Income, Private Income, Real Income, Relationship Between Arious National Income Aggregates, Significance of Circular Flow of Income, Significance or Importance of National Income, Single-Use (Non-Durable) Goods and Durable Goods, Summary of the Three Methods for Measurement of GDP, Transactions Included in National Income, Transactions not Included in National Income, Treatment of Items in the Estimation of GNP, Вasic Concept about Domestic Territory.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 33: Measurement of National Income exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 29 | 33.18 to 33.19 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 40 | 33.20 to 33.21 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Class 12 Economics (12th) 34: National Income and Economic Welfare
Concepts covered in National Income and Economic Welfare are Basic Concepts of Microeconomics > Personal Disposable Income, Basic Concepts Related to Domestic Income and National Income, Circular Flow in Open Economy, Circular Flow of Income, Circular Flow of Income in a Four-Sector Economy, Circular Flow of Income in a Three-Sector Economy, Circular Flow of Income in a Two-Sector Economy, Circular Flow of Income in a Two-Sector Economy with Savings and Investment, Circular Flow of Production, Income and Expenditure, Classification of Factor Income, Concept of National Income, Consumer and Producer Goods, Difficulties of Measuring National Income in a Less-Developed Economy, Economic Goods and Non-Economic Goods, Equilibrium of the Flow of National Income Or Injections and Withdrawals, Estimation of Factor Income, Estimation of National Income, Expenditure Method, GDP and Welfare, GNP and Economic Welfare, Gross Domestic Product, Gross Domestic Product or Income at Factor Cost, Gross National Product, Gross National Product at Factor Cost, Important Concepts of National Income, Income from Domestic Product Accruing to Private Sector, Income Method, Intermediate Goods and Final Goods, Main Precautions in Expenditure Method, Main Precautions in Income Method, Main Precautions in Product Method, Material and Non-Material Goods, Measurement of Final Expenditure, Methods of Measurement of National Income, Microeconomics > Personal Income, National Disposable Income, Nature of Goods and Services, Net Domestic Product, Net Domestic Product or Income at Factor Cost, Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA), Net National Income or Product at Factor Cost, Net National Product (NNP), Net Product or Value Added Method, Output Method/Product Method, Per Capita Income, Private Income, Real Income, Relationship Between Arious National Income Aggregates, Significance of Circular Flow of Income, Significance or Importance of National Income, Single-Use (Non-Durable) Goods and Durable Goods, Summary of the Three Methods for Measurement of GDP, Transactions Included in National Income, Transactions not Included in National Income, Treatment of Items in the Estimation of GNP, Вasic Concept about Domestic Territory.
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Class 12 Economics (12th) 34: National Income and Economic Welfare exercises
| Exercise | No. of questions | Pages |
|---|---|---|
| TEST QUESTIONS | 16 | 34.16 to 34.17 |
| EXAMINATION CORNER | 4 | 34.17 |
R. K. Lekhi and P. K. Dhar Solutions for Economics [English] Class 12 ISC
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