Revision: Food Production Biology ICSE ICSE Class 8 CISCE

Phytochemistry is the study of phytochemicals which are chemical substances derived from various parts of the plant.

Pomiculture:

Pomiculture is the cultivation, development, and entrancement of Fruits.

Pisciculture or Fish culture is the process of breeding and rearing fishes in ponds, reservoirs (dams), lakes, rivers, and paddy fields.

Pisciculture (fishery) is the practice of breeding, rearing and harvesting fish in natural or artificial water bodies for food and other economic uses.

Apiculture is the rearing of honey bees for honey. It is called Beekeeping.

The rearing of honey bee to obtain honey and other commercially important products is known as apiculture or bee‑keeping.

Breeding between a superior male of one breed with a superior female of another breed is known as cross-breeding.

• Organic farming is an eco-friendly agricultural system that avoids chemical fertilizers and pesticides and maintains natural balance in farming.
• It uses organic wastes, biofertilizers, animal manure, and microbes to supply nutrients and maintain soil fertility.
• Crop rotation, biological pest control, and resistant local varieties are used to manage weeds and diseases naturally.
• Organic farming promotes sustainable agriculture, soil health, biodiversity, and long-term productivity, ensuring safe food for humans and environment.

• White Revolution aimed at increasing milk production and making dairy a self-sufficient and mainstream industry in India.
• Dr. Verghese Kurien led the cooperative dairy movement from Anand, Gujarat, which strengthened milk processing, distribution, and availability across the country.
• Development of milk processing techniques, quality control, and preservation methods made a wide variety of dairy products available nationwide, increasing preference for local and natural milk varieties.

• Meaning — Poultry includes domesticated birds (chicken, duck, turkey, fowl) raised for eggs and meat. Allied professions include feed, marketing, pharmaceuticals & equipment.
• Breeds by Origin — American: Plymouth Rock, New Hampshire, Rhode Island Red, Asiatic: Brahma, Cochin, Langshan, Mediterranean: Leghorn, Minorca, English: Australorp, Indian: Chittagong, Aseel, Kadaknath.
• Layers vs Broilers — Leghorn = best layer (eggs). Plymouth Rock, Rhode Island Red, Aseel, Brahma, Kadaknath = preferred broilers (meat).
• Farm Management — Requires disease-free breed, proper feed & water, hygiene, vaccination, ventilation, lighting, sanitation & culling.
• Poultry Diseases — Viral: Ranikhet, Bird flu, Bacterial: Pullorum, Cholera, TB, CRD, Fungal: Aspergillosis, Favus, Parasitic: Lice, Roundworm, Protozoan: Coccidiosis.

• Meaning — Branch of applied biology dealing with catching, processing, farming & marketing of fish, prawns, lobsters, oysters, mussels, crabs.
• Three Divisions — Inland (fresh water), Marine (sea water, 7500 km coastline), Estuarine (river meets sea, e.g., Sundarbans).
• Common Fish — Inland: Rohu, Catla, Mrigala | Marine: Bombay duck, Sardine, Mackerel, Pomfret.
• Fish Culture — Monoculture (1 species) or Polyculture (many species). Preservation: chilling, freezing, salting, canning, drying.
• By-products — Fish oil, fish meal, fertilisers, fish glue, isinglass → used in paints, soaps, medicines. Provides jobs & self-employment.

• Meaning — Artificial rearing of honey bees to obtain honey, wax, pollen, bee venom, propolis & royal jelly. Ancient cottage industry.
• 4 Species in India — Apis dorsata (rock bee), Apis florea (little bee), Apis mellifera (European), Apis indica (Indian). Mellifera & Indica = domesticated species.
• Requirements — Areas with shrubs, orchards & crops. Equipment: hive boxes, smoker, bee veil, gloves, uncapping knife, queen excluder.
• Management — Periodic inspection of cleanliness, queen activity, brood condition & water supply is necessary.
• Importance — Honey = nutritious + medicinal. Bees pollinate sunflowers, mustard, apples, mangoes, and citrus → increases crop productivity.