Revision: Differential Equation and Applications Maths HSC Commerce (English Medium) 12th Standard Board Exam Maharashtra State Board

A differential equation that contains ordinary derivatives of one or more dependent variables with respect to a single independent variable is called an ordinary differential equation.

Example:

If an equation contains derivatives of one dependent variable with respect to one or more independent variables, then it is called a differential equation.

Example

This is a differential equation because it contains the derivative \[\frac{dy}{dx}\].

The highest exponent of the highest derivative is called the degree of a differential equation, provided exponents of each derivative and an unknown variable appearing in the differential equation are non-negative integers.

The order of the highest differential coefficient (or the highest order derivative appearing in a differential equation) is the order of the differential equation.

The equation \[\frac{dy}{dx} = F(x, y)\] is said to be in variable separable form if it can be expressed as \[g(x) dx = h(y) dy\] or equivalently as \[\frac{dy}{dx} = g(x)h(y)\] so that the variables can be separated and integrated.

A differential equation of the form \[\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{f_{1}(x,y)}{f_{2}(x,y)},\] where f₁(x, y) ) and f₂(x, y)  are homogeneous functions of x and y of the same degree, is called a homogeneous differential equation.

A linear differential equation of first order and first degree is
\[\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}+\mathrm{P}y=\mathrm{Q}\], where P and Q are the functions of x or constants. Its general solution is  \[y.\left(\mathrm{I.F.}\right)=\int\mathrm{Q.}\left(\mathrm{I.F.}\right)\mathrm{d}x+\mathrm{c}\] and the function \[\mathrm{e}^{\int\mathrm{Pdx}}\] is called the integrating factor (I.F.) of the given equation.

The factor e^∫P dx on multiplying by which the left-hand side of the differential equation\[\frac{dy}{dx}+Py=Q\] becomes the differential coefficient of a function of x and y, is called the integrating factor of the differential equation.

General Solution: \[y\cdot\mathrm{I.F.}=\int Q\cdot\mathrm{I.F.}dx+c\]

A differential equation is non-linear if any one of the following holds:

1. The degree is more than one

2. Any differential coefficient has an exponent of more than one

3. Exponent of the dependent variable is more than one

4. Products containing the dependent variable and its differential coefficients are present

A first-order differential equation, along with an initial condition, is called an initial value problem.

Since ‘a’ lies between 0 and 2a,
we have

`int_0^(2a)f(x)dx=int_0^af(x)dx+int_a^(2a)f(x)dx,  .......(byint_a^bf(x)dx=int_a^cf(x)dx+int_c^bf(x)dx)`

`=I_1+I_2`     ........................(say)

`I_2 = int_a^(2a)f(x)dx`

Put x = 2a − t

Therefore, dx = −dt

When x = a, 2a − t = a

t = a

When x = 2a, 2a − t = 2a

t = 0

`I_2 = int_0^(2a) f(x) dx = int_a^0 f(2a - t) (-dt)`

`= -int_a^0 f(2a - t)dt = int_0^a f(2a - t)dt      ...................... (By int_a^b f(x)dx = -int_b^a f(x)dx)`

`=int_0^a f(2a - x)dx    ..............(By int_a^b f(X)dx = int_a^b f(t)dt)`

`int_0^(2a) f(x)dx = int_0^a f(x)dx + int_0^a f(2a - x)dx`

`= int_0^a [f(x) + f(2a - x)]dx`

To show that:

`int_0^pi sin x  dx = 2 int_0^(pi/2) sin x  dx`

We use the proven property by setting f(x) = sin x and 2a = π, which means a = `pi/2`.

The property tells us that:

`int_0^pi sin x  dx = int_0^(pi/2) sin  x  dx + int_0^(pi/2) sin (pi - x)  dx`

Knowing the trigonometric identity sin (π - x) = sin x, the equation simplifies to:

`int_0^pi sin x  dx = 2 int_0^(pi/2) sin x  dx`

This directly applies the property to the integral of sin x over [0, π] to show it equals twice the integral of sin x over `[0, pi/2]`, demonstrating the utility of this property in simplifying integrals with symmetric functions over specific intervals​.

• A differential equation contains derivatives.

• An ordinary differential equation contains derivatives with respect to only one independent variable.

• Differential equations describe rates of change in mathematics and science.

• Order = highest derivative order.

• Degree = power of highest derivative.

• Degree exists only for polynomial equations in derivatives.

• Always check polynomial condition before stating the degree.

• Variable separable equations can be rewritten as x-part = y-part.

• Separate variables first, then integrate.

• Use one constant of integration.

• Apply the initial condition only after getting the general solution.

• Final answers may be explicit or implicit.

• Check homogeneity first.

• Differentiate substitution carefully.

• Convert to separable form.

• Back-substitute to original variables.

1. Write the equation in the form dy/dx + Py = Q
2. Identify P and Q
3. Find I.F. = \[\mathrm{e}^{\int\mathrm{Pdx}}\]
4. Multiply the whole equation by I.F.
5. Integrate and get a solution.

1. Population Growth

• Rate of change of population ∝ population

• \[\frac{\mathrm{dP}}{\mathrm{dt}}=\mathrm{kP}\]

Growth increases with time

2. Radioactive Decay

• Rate of decay ∝ of the amount present

• \[\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=-\mathrm{k}x\]

Negative sign → quantity decreases

3. Newton’s Law of Cooling

• Rate of cooling ∝ temperature difference

• \[\frac{\mathrm{d}\theta}{\mathrm{d}t}=-k\left(\theta-\theta_{0}\right)\]

θ = body temp, θ₀ = surrounding temp

• Write the equation in the form
  \[\frac{dy}{dx}+Py=Q\]

• Find the integrating factor
  \[\mathrm{I.F.}=e^{\int Pdx}\]

• Multiply the entire equation by I.F.

• Integrate both sides w.r.t x

• Obtain
  \[y(\mathrm{I.F.})=\int Q(\mathrm{I.F.})dx+c\]

1. Radioactive Decay:  \[x=x_0e^{-kt}\]

2. Half-Life Formula: \[k=\frac{\ln2}{T}\]

3. Newton’s Law of Cooling: \[\theta=\theta_0+(\theta_1-\theta_0)e^{-kt}\]

4. Population Growth: \[P=ae^{kt}\]