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Why do free electrons in a metal move randomly when no electric field is present?

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Question

Why do free electrons in a metal move randomly when no electric field is present?

Options

  • They are all accelerated in the direction of the field

  • They move randomly due to thermal energy

  • They move only because of a net current

  • They are fixed in the metallic lattice

MCQ
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Solution

Thermal energy causes free electrons in a metal to move randomly. In the absence of an electric field, their velocities point in different directions.

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