Question

Which series of operations is collectively referred to as 'downstream processing'?

Options

• Separation, purification, formulation, packaging, and quality testing of the product

• Preparation of competent host cells and thermal shock treatment

• Isolation of genomic DNA, cell lysis, and restriction digestion

• Primer annealing, DNA denaturation, and Taq synthesis

Answer 1

Downstream processing encompasses the final stages after biosynthesis in a bioreactor, which include product separation from cells/medium, purification, formulation, packaging, and quality testing.