Question

Which of the following groups contains ONLY indirectly derived ecological benefits of biodiversity?

Options

• Valuable genes, traditional medicines, and modern drugs

• Oxygen production, crop pollination, and seed dispersal

• Food, fuel, and fibre

• Medicines, timber, and industrial raw materials

Answer 1

Oxygen production, crop pollination, and seed dispersal are indirect ecological services provided by nature. The other groups list direct economic benefits such as food, fuel, fibre, medicines, timber, industrial raw materials, and useful genes, which are narrowly utilitarian.