Question

Which maternal hormones increase several-fold during pregnancy to support fetal growth and metabolic changes?

Options

• Cortisol, prolactin, and thyroxine

• Calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D

• Insulin, glucagon, and adrenaline

• Testosterone, DHT, and androstenedione

Answer 1

Cortisol, prolactin, and thyroxine are hormones that increase several-fold during pregnancy. Cortisol regulates metabolism and immune response, prolactin prepares mammary glands for lactation, and thyroxine supports the increased metabolic demand of pregnancy and fetal development.