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Question
During charging of a cell, the terminal potential difference formula is:
Options
\[V = ε / Ir\]
\[V = Ir - ε\]
\[V = ε - Ir\]
\[V = ε + Ir\]
MCQ
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Solution
During charging, external current is forced into the cell against its EMF. The terminal voltage must overcome both the EMF and the voltage drop across internal resistance, giving the formula \[V = ε + Ir\]. This explains why a charger must supply a voltage higher than the cell's EMF to charge it.
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