Question

Discuss in detail the process of integration of Hyderabad, Junagarh, and Kashmir with the Indian Union.

Answer 1

After independence in 1947, India had to integrate princely states into the Union. Junagarh had a majority Hindu population, but a Muslim Nawab who chose to join Pakistan despite being surrounded by India. This led to protests and unrest. The Nawab fled to Pakistan, and after India intervened, a plebiscite was held in which people voted overwhelmingly to join India. Hyderabad, the largest princely state with a Hindu majority but ruled by the Muslim Nizam, wanted to remain independent. Supported by the militant Razakars, the Nizam refused to join India, causing violence and lawlessness. India launched Operation Polo in 1948, defeated the Razakars, and integrated Hyderabad. Jammu and Kashmir, with a Muslim majority and a Hindu ruler, wanted independence but was invaded by tribesmen from Pakistan. The Maharaja sought India’s help and signed the Instrument of Accession in October 1947. Indian troops were sent, and after fighting, a UN-brokered ceasefire established the line of control. Through these measures, India ensured the integration of these critical states and preserved its unity.