Question

Assertion (A): Reflexes are involuntary but all involuntary actions are not reflexes.

Reason (R): Reflexes and involuntary actions of our body are controlled by medulla oblongata and spinal cord respectively.

1. A is True and R is False.
2. A is False and R is True.
3. Both A and R are True.
4. Both A and R are False.

Options

• (1)

• (2)

• (3)

• (4)

Answer 1

(1)

Explanation:

Reflexes are involuntary actions (fast, automatic responses to a stimulus), but all involuntary actions are not reflexes. For instance, heartbeat, breathing, and peristalsis are involuntary actions, but the brain (like the medulla) controls them rather than rapid reflex arcs. Therefore, Assertion (A) is True.

Reflexes are primarily controlled by the spinal cord (and sometimes the brainstem for cranial reflexes), while involuntary actions like heartbeat, blood pressure, and breathing are controlled by the medulla oblongata (part of the hindbrain). The reason incorrectly swaps or misattributes their control centers. Therefore, Reason (R) is False.

Hence, A is true and R is false.