Hydrocarbons: Alkanes - Reactions of Haloarenes - Electrophilic Substitution Reactions

Give reason for the following:

During the electrophilic substitution reaction of haloarenes, para-substituted derivative is the major product.

Assertion: In monohaloarenes, further electrophilic substitution occurs at ortho and para positions.

Reason: Halogen atom is a ring deactivator.

Toluene reacts with a halogen in the presence of iron (III) chloride giving ortho and para halo compounds. The reaction is ______.

How the following conversion can be carried out?

Benzene to 4-bromonitrobenzene

Assertion (A): Chlorobenzene is resistant to electrophilic substitution reaction.

Reason (R): C-Cl bond in chlorobenzene acquires partial double bond characters due to resonance.

Explain why the electrophilic substitution reactions in haloarenes occur slowly and require more drastic conditions as compared to those in benzene.