Revision: Human Anatomy and Physiology >> The Reproductive System Biology (English Medium) ICSE Class 10 CISCE

Reproduction is the process of formation of new individuals by sexual or asexual means, which can repeat the process in their own turn.

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Formation of new organism of same species by earlier existing organism is called as reproduction.

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Reproduction is a biological process that results in the formation of new individuals of the same kind, though usually with slight genetic, structural and physiological variations.

Reproduction is a process that results in the formation of new individuals of the same kind, though usually with slight genetic, structural and physiological variations.

Puberty is the process of physical and hormonal changes by which a child’s body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction to enable fertilization.

Hernia is an abnormal condition that is caused when the intestine, due to the pressure in the abdomen, bulges into the scrotum through the inguinal canal.

Spermatogenesis is the process of formation and development of sperm cells (spermatozoa) in the testes from spermatogonial stem cells through mitosis and meiosis.

The secretion of glands with spermatozoa is a whitish viscous fluid known as seminal fluid or semen.

The process of expulsion of semen from the urethra is called ejaculation.

The opening of the vagina in young females is partially closed by a thin membrane called the hymen (or virgin knot).

Puberty is the period during which the immature reproductive system of boys and girls matures and becomes capable of reproducing. At age 10 in girls, the first sign is the enlargement of breasts. In boys at 11 years, the enlargement of testes is the first sign.

The release of the ovum from the ovary is called ovulation.

It is the stage when a girl menstruates for the first time.

The rhythmic series of changes in the sex organs throughout the reproductive life of a female primate (e.g., monkeys, apes, and human beings) from puberty to menopause is called the menstrual cycle (L. mensis = month, lunar month).

A disc-like structure attached to the uterine wall that supplies food and oxygen to the foetus and removes waste is called placenta.

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The intimate connection established between the foetal membrane and the uterine wall is known as placenta.

After nine months of pregnancy, the fully developed foetus is ready for delivery. The process of childbirth is called parturition.

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Parturition is the act of expelling the full term foetus from the mother's uterus at the end of gestation.

Identical twins biologically produced from one zygote are called monozygotic twins.

Twins produced from the splitting of a single fertilised egg are called identical twins.

Twins produced from two separately fertilised eggs are called fraternal twins.

Fraternal twins biologically produced from two zygotes are called dizygotic twins.

Fraternal twins biologically produced from two ova are called diovular twins.

Birth of three babies from a single pregnancy is called triplets because it involves the formation of three embryos either from separate eggs or by splitting of one or more zygotes.

1. Human reproductive organs are divided into primary (gonads) and accessory parts.
2. Primary gonads: Testes in males produce sperms; ovaries in females produce eggs.
3. Accessory organs include ducts and glands that aid in fertilisation and embryo development.
4. Secondary sexual characters (e.g., beard, breasts) are not reproductive parts, as they do not directly participate in reproduction.

• The male reproductive system is located in the pelvic region and consists of testes, ducts, glands, and external genitalia.
• A pair of testes present in the scrotum produce sperms in seminiferous tubules and secrete the hormone testosterone.
• Accessory ducts—rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis, vas deferens, and ejaculatory duct—transport and mature sperms.
• Accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands) add secretions that nourish sperms and aid their movement.
• The penis, containing the urethra, acts as the external genital organ for the delivery of sperms during ejaculation.

1. The female reproductive system includes a pair of ovaries, oviducts (fallopian tubes), a uterus, a vagina, and Bartholin’s glands.
2. All reproductive organs are located inside the abdominal cavity.
3. Ovaries release one ovum (egg) monthly after puberty, alternating between each ovary.
4. The egg enters the oviduct through its funnel-shaped end and is pushed towards the uterus by cilia.
5. Fertilisation usually occurs in the oviduct; the zygote implants in the uterus lining if formed.
6. The placenta connects the embryo to the mother for nutrient and waste exchange until birth.

1. Puberty begins around ages 10–14 in girls and 11–15 in boys, marking the maturation of the reproductive system.
2. In girls, ovaries start releasing ova and secrete oestrogens, which cause secondary sexual changes like breast development, widened hips, and pubic hair growth.
3. In boys, testes begin producing testosterone, leading to changes like voice deepening, growth of genital organs, and facial/body hair.
4. Progesterone, secreted by the corpus luteum, prepares the uterus for embryo implantation.