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प्रश्न
Arrange the compounds of the following set in order of reactivity towards SN2 displacement:
1-Bromo-3-methylbutane, 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 2-Bromo-3-methylbutane
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उत्तर
The SN2 reaction involves the formation of a transition state with the carbon atom surrounded by 5 additional atoms (groups). A transition state requires minimal steric interactions. The most suitable substrates for SN2 reactions are 1° alkyl halides, followed by 2° and 3° alkyl halides. The order of reactivity towards SN2 is 1° > 2° > 3° > aryl halide. Based on this, the order will be:
\[\begin{array}{cc}
\ce{CH3}\phantom{.........................................}\ce{CH3}\phantom{...................................}\ce{CH3}\phantom{........}\\
|\phantom{...............................................}|\phantom{.........................................}|\phantom{...........}\\
\ce{\underset{1-Bromo-3-methylbutane}{H3C - CH - CH2 - CH2Br} > \ce{CH3 - CH - CH - CH3} > \ce{CH3 - C - CH2 - CH3}}\\
\phantom{.....................................}|\phantom{.........................................}|\\
\phantom{.......................................}\ce{\underset{2-Bromo-3-methylbutane}{Br}\phantom{..............}\ce{\underset{2-Bromo-2-methylbutane}{Br}}}\
\end{array}\]
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संबंधित प्रश्न
Write the major products(s) in the following:
Which would undergo SN2 reaction faster in the following pair and why ?
Which compound in the following pair will react faster in SN2 reaction with OH−?
CH3Br or CH3I
The treatment of alkyl chlorides with aqueous KOH leads to the formation of alcohols but in the presence of alcoholic KOH, alkenes are major products. Explain.
How the following conversion can be carried out?
Ethyl chloride to propanoic acid.
The order of reactivities of the following alkyl halides for an SN2 reaction is:
Optically active isomers but not mirror images are called ____________.
Which of the following is the correct order of decreasing SN2 reactivity?
SN1 reaction of alkyl halides lead to ___________.
Which of the following undergoes nucleophilic substitution exclusively by SN1 mechanism?
The correct order of increasing the reactivity of C–X bond towards nucleophile in following compounds.
(I)
(II)
(CH3)3CCl
(III)
(CH3)2CHCl
(IV)
Read the passage given below and answer the following question:
Nucleophilic substitution reaction of haloalkane can be conducted according to both SN1 and SN2 mechanisms. However, which mechanism it is based on is related to such factors as the structure of haloalkane, and properties of leaving group, nucleophilic reagent and solvent.
Influences of halogen: No matter which mechanism the nucleophilic substitution reaction is based on, the leaving group always leave the central carbon atom with electron pair. This is just the opposite of the situation that nucleophilic reagent attacks the central carbon atom with electron pair. Therefore, the weaker the alkalinity of leaving group is, the more stable the anion formed is and it will be more easier for the leaving group to leave the central carbon atom; that is to say, the reactant is more easier to be substituted. The alkalinity order of halogen ion is I− < Br− < Cl− < F− and the order of their leaving tendency should be I− > Br− > Cl− > F−. Therefore, in four halides with the same alkyl and different halogens, the order of substitution reaction rate is RI > RBr > RCl > RF. In addition, if the leaving group is very easy to leave, many carbocation intermediates are generated in the reaction and the reaction is based on SN1 mechanism. If the leaving group is not easy to leave, the reaction is based on SN2 a mechanism.
Influences of solvent polarity: In SN1 reaction, the polarity of the system increases from the reactant to the transition state, because polar solvent has a greater stabilizing effect on the transition state than the reactant, thereby reduce activation energy and accelerate the reaction. In SN2 reaction, the polarity of the system generally does not change from the reactant to the transition state and only charge dispersion occurs. At this time, polar solvent has a great stabilizing effect on Nu than the transition state, thereby increasing activation energy and slow down the reaction rate. For example, the decomposition rate (SN1) of tertiary chlorobutane in 25℃ water (dielectric constant 79) is 300000 times faster than in ethanol (dielectric constant 24). The reaction rate (SN2) of 2-bromopropane and NaOH in ethanol containing 40% water is twice slower than in absolute ethanol. In a word, the level of solvent polarity has influence on both SN1 and SN2 reactions, but with different results. Generally speaking, weak polar solvent is favorable for SN2 reaction, while strong polar solvent is favorable for SN1 reaction, because only under the action of polar solvent can halogenated hydrocarbon dissociate into carbocation and halogen ion and solvents with a strong polarity is favorable for solvation of carbocation, increasing its stability. Generally speaking, the substitution reaction of tertiary haloalkane is based on SN1 mechanism in solvents with a strong polarity (for example, ethanol containing water).
Nucleophilic substitution will be fastest in case of ______.
Compound ‘A’ with molecular formula \[\ce{C4H9Br}\] is treated with aq. \[\ce{KOH}\] solution. The rate of this reaction depends upon the concentration of the compound ‘A’ only. When another optically active isomer ‘B’ of this compound was treated with aq. \[\ce{KOH}\] solution, the rate of reaction was found to be dependent on concentration of compound and \[\ce{KOH}\] both.
(i) Write down the structural formula of both compounds ‘A’ and ‘B’.
(ii) Out of these two compounds, which one will be converted to the product with inverted configuration.
Aryl halides are extremely less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution. Predict and explain the order of reactivity of the following compounds towards nucleophilic substitution:
| (I) |  |
| (II) |  |
| (III) |  |
Why are aryl halides less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reactions than alkyl halides?
Give reason for the following:
The product formed during SN1 reaction is a racemic mixture.
In SN1 reactions, the correct order of reactivity for the following compounds:
CH3Cl, CH3CH2Cl, (CH3)2CHCl and (CH3)3CCl is ______.
Racemisation occurs in ______.
Give the mechanism of the following reaction:
\[\ce{CH3CH2OH ->[H2SO4][413 K] CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3 + H2O}\]
