Topics
Matter in Our Surroundings
- Matter (Substance)
- Characteristics of Particles (Molecules) of Matter
- The Solid State
- The Liquid State
- The Gaseous State
- Plasma
- Bose-einstein Condensate
- Change of State
- Concept of Evaporation
- Concept of Melting (Fusion)
- Vaporisation or Boiling
- Sublimation
- Concept of Freezing (Solidification)
- Concept of Condensation (Liquefaction)
- Concept of Desublimation (Deposition)
Is Matter Around Us Pure
- Matter (Substance)
- Natural substances
- Mixture
- Types of Mixtures
- Introduction to Solutions
- Concentration of a Solution
- Suspension Solution
- Colloidal Solution
- Evaporation Method
- Solvent Extraction (Using a Separating Funnel Method)
- Sublimation
- Chromatography Method
- Simple Distillation Method
- Fractional Distillation Method
- Crystallisation Method
- Classification of Change: Physical Changes
- Chemical Reaction
- Pure Substances
- Compound
- Elements
Atoms and Molecules
- History of Atom
- Laws of Chemical Combination
- Law of Conservation of Mass
- Law of Constant Proportions (Law of Definite Proportions)
- Dalton’s Atomic Theory
- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- Symbols Used to Represent Atoms of Different Elements
- Atomic Mass
- Relative Atomic Mass (RAM)
- Molecules
- Classification of Molecules
- Difference Between Atoms and Molecules
- Ions (Radicals) and Its Types
- Chemical Formula or Molecular Formula
- Molecular Mass
- Formula Unit Mass
- Mole Concept
- Atoms and Molecules Numericals
Structure of the Atom
- Existence of Charged Particles in Matter
- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- Discovery of Charged Particles in Matter
- Protons (p)
- Electrons (e)
- Neutrons (n)
- J. J. Thomson’s Atomic Model
- Advantage and Limitations of Thomson’s Atomic Model
- Lord Rutherford’s Atomic model
- Limitations of Rutherford’s Atomic Model
- Neils Bohr’s Model of an Atom
- Electronic Configuration of Atom
- Periodic Trends in the Modern Periodic Table
- Different Ways to Determine Valency
- Atomic Number (Z), Mass Number (A), and Number of Neutrons (n)
- Atomic Mass
- Uses of Radioactive Isotopes
- Isotopes
- Atoms and Molecules Numericals
The Fundamental Unit of Life
- The Invention of the Microscope and the Discovery of Cell
- Cell Theory
- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
- Cell Organelles
- Structure of the Cell > Plasma Membrane / Cell Membrane
- Structure of the Cell > Cell Wall: “Supporter and Protector”
- Structure of the Cell > Nucleus: “Brain” of the Cell
- Structure of the Cell > Cytoplasm: “Area of Movement”
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Golgi Apparatus - "The delivery system of the cell"
- Lysosome - “Suicidal Bag”
- Mitochondria - “Power House of the Cell”
- Plastids
- Non-living Substances Or Cell Inclusion
- Plant Cell Vs Animal Cell
- Cell Division: an Essential Life Process
Tissues
- Tissues - “The Teams of Workers”
- Plant and Animals Tissue
- Plant Tissues
- Meristems or Meristematic Tissues
- Permanent Tissue
- Simple Permanent Tissues (Supporting Tissue)
- Complex Permanent Tissues
- Complex Permanent Tissue: Xylem Structure and Function (Conducting Tissue)
- Complex Permanent Tissue: Phloem Structure and Function (Conducting Tissue)
- Animal Tissues
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Muscular Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
Diversity in Living Organisms
- Introduction of Biological Classification
- Classification of Living Organisms
- Taxonomic Hierarchy of Living Organisms: Unit of Classification
- Five Kingdom Classification
- Kingdom Monera
- Kingdom Protista
- Kingdom Fungi
- Classification of Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Animalia
- Differences Between Plantae (Plants) and Animalia (Animals)
- Classification of Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Plantae: Thallophyta (Algae)
- Kingdom Plantae: Thallophyta (Fungi)
- Cryptogams > Division II- Bryophytes
- Cryptogams > Division III- Pteridophytes
- Phanerogams > Division I-Gymnosperms
- Phanerogams > Division II- Angiosperms
- Kingdom Animalia
- Phylum: Porifera
- Phylum: Cnidaria/Coelenterata
- Phylum: Platyhelminthes
- Invertebrate: Phylum Nematoda
- Phylum: Annelida
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Phylum: Mollusca
- Phylum: Echinodermata
- Subphylum: Prochordata
- Subphylum: Vertebrata/Craniata
- Invertebrata and Vertebrata
- Taxonomy and Systematics
- Nomenclature
Motion
- Force and Motion
- Describing Motion
- Motion Along a Straight Line
- Types of Motion
- Measuring the Rate of Motion - Speed with Direction
- Rate of Change of Velocity
- Distance and Displacement
- Displacement - Time Graph Or Distance - Time Graph
- Velocity - Time Graphs
- Equations of Motion by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Velocity - Time Relation by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Displacement - Time Relation by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Displacement - Velocity Relation by Graphical Method
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Motion (Numerical)
Force and Laws of Motion
Gravitation
Work and Energy
Sound
- Sound Waves
- Production of Sound
- Propagation of Sound
- Sound Need a Medium to Travel
- Sound Waves Are Longitudinal Waves
- Characteristics of Sound
- Speed of Sound (Velocity of Sound)
- Reflection of Sound Waves
- Echo
- Reverberation
- Uses of Multiple Reflection of Sound
- Range of Hearing in Humans
- Ultrasonic Sound Or Ultrasound
- SONAR
- Human Ear
- Sound (Numerical)
Improvement in Food Resources
- Improvements in Food Resources
- Improvement in Crop Yields
- Crop Variety Improvement
- Crop Production Improvement
- Crop Protection Management
- Methods to Replenish Nutrients in Your Soil
- Manuring (Biomanuring)
- Fertilizers
- Improved methods of agriculture
- Agricultural Assistance Programme
- Poultry Farm Management
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Pisciculture (Fish Farming)
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Apiculture (Bee Farming)
Why Do We Fall ill
- Disease
- Categories of Disease
- Acute and Chronic Diseases
- Causes of Disease
- Infectious Agents
- Manifestation of Diseases
- Modes of Transmission of Diseases
- Organ-specific and Tissue-specific Manifestations
- Principles of Prevention of Diseases
- Principles of Treatment of Diseases
Natural Resources
Maharashtra State Board: Class 9
Symbolic representation of atoms:
Dalton initially used unique signs to represent elements, such as 
for hydrogen and © for copper. IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) today standardises and determines chemical symbols. These symbols are official, globally recognised, and universally used in science. The current method of assigning symbols is based on the system developed by Berzelius.
In the beginning, element names came from their discovery locations. For example, the name copper originated from Cyprus. Some names were taken from specific colours. For example, the English word "gold" refers to yellow.
IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) naming:
- Many of the symbols are the first one or two letters of the element’s name in English.
- The first letter of a symbol is always written as a capital letter and the second letter as a small letter
Other symbols have been taken from the names of elements in Latin, German or Greek. For example, the symbol of iron is Fe from its Latin name ferrum, sodium is Na from natrium and potassium is K from kalium. Therefore, each element has a name and a unique chemical symbol.
Symbols for some elements as proposed by Dalton:
By Berzilius and IUPAC:
| Element | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Aluminum | Al |
| Argon | Ar |
| Barium | Ba |
| Boron | B |
| Bromine | Br |
| Calcium | Ca |
| Carbon | C |
| Chlorine | Cl |
| Cobalt | Co |
| Copper | Cu |
| Fluorine | F |
| Gold | Au |
| Hydrogen | H |
| Iodine | I |
| Iron | Fe |
| Lead | Pb |
| Magnesium | Mg |
| Neon | Ne |
| Nitrogen | N |
| Oxygen | O |
| Potassium | K |
| Silicon | Si |
| Silver | Ag |
| Sodium | Na |
| Sulphur | S |
| Uranium | U |
| Zinc | Zn |
