हिंदी
CISCEISC (Arts) Class 12
प्रश्न पत्र३७२
पाठ्यपुस्तक उत्तर१६६८१
महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न एवं उत्तर५८७१
अवधारणा स्पष्टीकरण और वीडियो९५३
समय सारणी१५
पाठ्यक्रम

Overview of Natural Vegetation

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Topics

Estimated time: 21 minutes
CISCE: Class 12

Distinction between Flora and Vegetation

Basis Flora Vegetation
1. Meaning Refers to plant species of a particular region. Refers to plant communities growing together in an area.
2. Nature Listed and studied by species. Plants live in association in a given environment.
3. Focus Focuses on types of plants. Focuses on plant cover of an area.
4. Classification Can be grouped into categories (e.g., Boreal flora). Based on ecological conditions.
5. Examples Indian boreal species from Indo-Tibet. Forests, grasslands, shrubs.
CISCE: Class 12

Distinction between Vegetation and Forest

Basis Vegetation Forest
1. Meaning Includes trees, plants and grasses in an area. Large area covered mainly with trees and shrubs.
2. Coverage Broad term for all types of plant cover. Specific type of vegetation.
3. Types Includes woodland, grassland, etc. Mostly dense tree cover.
4. Structure May include trees, shrubs and grasses together. Thick and dense growth of trees.
5. Landscape Creates different landscapes. Provides mainly one type of landscape (forest area).
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Classification of Vegetation Types

  • Classification – Forests are classified by climate and rainfall into six types.
  • Tropical Evergreen – Heavy rainfall; tall, dense trees; found in North-East and Western Ghats.
  • Tropical Deciduous – 100–200 cm rain; shed leaves in summer; sal and teak important.
  • Tropical Dry – 50–100 cm rain; short, less dense trees.
  • Arid Forest – Below 50 cm rain; thorny bushes; Rajasthan region.
  • Delta Forest – Mangrove forests in river deltas; Sundarbans example.
  • Mountain Forest – Found in hills; vegetation changes with height; no plants above snowline.
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Impact of Human Activity on Vegetation

  • Forest Area in India – Only about 23% of land is under forests, less than the required one-third for ecological balance.
  • Causes of Forest Depletion – Population growth, agriculture expansion, shifting cultivation, industries, wood cutting, and overgrazing.
  • Effects of Deforestation – Soil erosion, floods, droughts, hill slope denudation, and ecological imbalance.
  • Conservation Efforts – Social forestry, regeneration of forests, and planting fast-growing trees.
  • Forest Distribution – Highest forest cover in North-Eastern states and Andaman & Nicobar; very low in Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, and Delhi.
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Development of Forestry

  • Need for Forestry Development – Forest cover in India is only about 23%, less than the required 33%, so development is necessary.
  • Main Causes of Decline – Agriculture expansion, shifting cultivation, overgrazing, and high demand for fuel and forest products.
  • Livestock Pressure – Large livestock population depends on forests for grazing, causing serious damage.
  • Transport Problems – About 16% forest areas are inaccessible; lack of cheap and proper transport makes forest use difficult.
  • Other Problems – Forest fires, slow-growing trees, thin forests, and lack of trained staff affect proper forest management.
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Forest Policy and Law

  • Forest Policy 1894 & 1952 – First policy in 1894 (British period). After Independence, new policy in 1952 focused on forest classification, wildlife protection, control of shifting cultivation, grazing control, and better forest management.
  • National Forest Policy 1988 – Main aim: protection, conservation and development of forests; increase forest cover through afforestation and social forestry.
  • Objectives of 1988 Policy – Maintain ecological balance, prevent soil erosion and desertification, increase forest productivity, meet needs of rural and tribal people.
  • Social Forestry (1976) – Tree planting to provide fuelwood, fodder and small timber; reduces pressure on natural forests; called “forestry of the people, by the people, for the people.”
  • Types of Social Forestry – Agro forestry, community forestry, commercial farm forestry, non-commercial farm forestry, and urban forestry.
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Forest Conservation

  • Importance of Forests – Forests are valuable natural resources; they support agriculture, industry, and maintain ecological balance.
  • Need for Conservation – Deforestation causes soil erosion, floods, droughts, and ecological imbalance; forests take time to regenerate.
  • Van Mahotsav (1950) – Annual tree-planting movement started to create awareness about importance of forests.
  • Forest Conservation Act, 1980 (Amended 1988) – Made laws stricter to prevent deforestation, control grazing and shifting cultivation, and limit clear felling.
  • Chipko Movement (1972) – Led by Sunder Lal Bahuguna; people hugged trees to stop cutting; helped ban tree felling in sensitive hill areas.
  • People’s Participation – Environmental protection is more successful with involvement of local communities.
  • Integrated Forest Protection Scheme (IFPS) – Focus on forest fire control, infrastructure, protection of sacred groves, restoration of ecosystems, and bamboo management.
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