हिंदी
CISCEISC (Arts) Class 12
प्रश्न पत्र३७२
पाठ्यपुस्तक उत्तर१६६८१
महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न एवं उत्तर५८७१
अवधारणा स्पष्टीकरण और वीडियो९५३
समय सारणी१५
पाठ्यक्रम

Overview of Industries

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Estimated time: 39 minutes
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Types of Industries

  • On the Basis of Labour
    a) Large-scale (e.g., cotton, jute) – employ many workers.
    b) Medium-scale – moderate number of workers.
    c) Small-scale – owned by individuals, employ few workers.
  • On the Basis of Raw Material & Finished Goods
    a) Heavy industries – use bulky raw materials (e.g., iron & steel).
    b) Light industries – use light raw materials (e.g., textiles, fans).
  • On the Basis of Ownership (Entrepreneurship)
    a) Private sector – owned by individuals or firms.
    b) Public sector – owned by government.
    c) Joint sector – owned jointly by government and private firms.
  • On the Basis of Source of Raw Material
    a) Agro-based (cotton, sugar),
    b) Mineral-based (iron, aluminium),
    c) Pastoral-based (leather, wool),
    d) Forest-based (paper, rubber).
  • Village & Cottage Industries
    Located in villages or homes.
    Meet local needs (e.g., khadi, handloom).
  • Basic & Consumer Industries
    Basic industries support other industries (iron & steel, power).
    Consumer industries produce goods for direct use (textiles, bakeries).
  • Industrial Disparities in India
    States like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu are highly industrialised.
    Some states like Bihar and north-eastern states are less industrialised due to lack of resources and infrastructure.
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Industrial Clusters > Major Industrial Regions

  • Mumbai–Pune – Cotton textiles, petrochemicals, engineering; developed due to port facilities.
  • Hugli (Kolkata) – Jute, engineering and chemicals; river and port advantage.
  • Bengaluru–Tamil Nadu – Textiles, engineering and IT; hydel power support.
  • Gujarat (Ahmedabad–Vadodara) – Textiles and petrochemicals; oil discovery helped growth.
  • Chotanagpur – Iron and steel industries; rich in coal and iron ore (Ruhr of India).
  • Visakhapatnam–Guntur – Port-based industries; shipbuilding, refinery, steel.
  • Gurgaon–Delhi / Kerala – Market-based industries (automobiles, electronics) and agro-based industries.
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Industrial Clusters > Minor Industrial Regions

  • Ambala–Amritsar (Haryana–Punjab) – Important minor industrial belt in North India.
  • Saharanpur–Muzaffarnagar–Bijnor (U.P.) – Industrial region of western Uttar Pradesh.
  • Indore–Dewas–Ujjain (M.P.) – Developing industrial area of Madhya Pradesh.
  • Jaipur–Ajmer (Rajasthan) – Important minor industrial belt of Rajasthan.
  • Kolhapur–South Kannada (Maharashtra–Karnataka) – Industrial region in western India.
  • Durg–Raipur & Bilaspur–Korba (Chhattisgarh) – Known for mineral-based industries.
  • Brahmaputra Valley (Assam) – Important industrial region of North-East India.
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Factors Influencing the Location of Industries

  • Raw Materials – Heavy and bulky raw material industries are located near their sources.
  • Power Supply – Industries need regular and cheap power (coal, hydel, electricity).
  • Labour – Availability of skilled and unskilled workers is important.
  • Transport & Communication – Good transport helps in bringing raw materials and sending finished goods to markets.
  • Market – Nearness to market reduces transport cost and helps quick sale of goods.
  • Land, Water & Climate – Cheap land, adequate water supply and suitable climate support industrial growth.
  • Non-Geographical Factors – Capital, government policies, banking, insurance and political stability also influence industrial location.
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Sugar Industry

  • Agro-based Industry – Sugar industry is based on sugarcane and is the second largest agro-based industry after cotton textiles.
  • India’s Position – India is one of the largest producers of sugar in the world and is self-sufficient in sugar production.
  • Location Factor – Sugarcane is a weight-losing and perishable raw material, so sugar mills are located near sugarcane-growing areas.
  • Major Regions – Two main regions:
    North India – Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
    South India – Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka
  • Leading State – Maharashtra is the largest producer due to high recovery rate and cooperative mills.
  • Traditional Producer – Uttar Pradesh is the traditional sugar-producing state and still contributes a large share.
  • Other Producing States – Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab and Bihar also produce sugar.
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Difference between the Sugar Industry of Northern and Peninsular India

  • Climate – Peninsular India has tropical climate giving higher yield of sugarcane than North India.
  • Sucrose Content – Sugarcane in the south has higher sucrose content than in the north.
  • Crushing Season – Crushing season is longer in the south (about 7–8 months) than in the north (about 4 months).
  • Management – Co-operative sugar mills are better managed in the south compared to the north.
  • Modernisation – Most sugar mills in the south are newer and use modern machinery, unlike many older mills in the north.
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Sugar Industry > Problems of Sugar Industry

  • Low Yield of Sugarcane – India has low productivity per hectare compared to other major sugar-producing countries.
  • Short Crushing Season – Sugar production is seasonal, and mills remain idle for many months in a year.
  • Fluctuating Production – Production of sugarcane varies every year due to competition from other crops and climate conditions.
  • Low Rate of Recovery – The percentage of sugar obtained from sugarcane is lower than in many other countries.
  • High Cost of Production – High excise duty, old technology and inefficient methods increase production cost.
  • Old & Uneconomic Mills – Many mills are small, outdated and not economically viable.
  • Competition & Regional Imbalance – Khandsari and gur compete with sugar mills, and production is concentrated mainly in a few states leading to regional imbalance.
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Cotton Textile Industry

  • Importance – It is one of the largest industries in India, providing employment to millions and contributing significantly to industrial capital and production.
  • Growth – The first modern mill was set up in 1854 in Mumbai. After Independence, the industry expanded rapidly across many states.
  • Location Factors – Main factors include availability of raw cotton, humid climate, cheap labour, power supply, good transport and large market. It is mainly a market-oriented industry.
  • Production Sectors – Cotton cloth is produced in three sectors:
    a) Mills
    b) Powerlooms (largest share today)
    c) Handlooms
  • Major Producing States – Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu are leading producers.
  • Important Centres – Mumbai (Cottonopolis), Ahmedabad, Coimbatore, Kanpur, Kolkata, Indore, Nagpur, etc.
  • Present Trend – Powerloom sector plays a major role in production and exports, while many old mills (especially in Mumbai) have declined.
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Mineral-Based Industries > Iron and Steel Industry

  • Key Industry – Iron and steel industry is called the backbone of industrial development because many other industries depend on it.
  • Growth in India – Modern industry began with TISCO at Jamshedpur (1907). After Independence, major plants like Bhilai, Rourkela, Durgapur and Bokaro were set up.
  • Locational Factors – It is a raw material-oriented industry. Plants are located near iron ore, coal, limestone and power sources to reduce transport cost.
  • Major Plants – Important centres include Jamshedpur, Bhilai, Rourkela, Durgapur, Bokaro, Salem, Visakhapatnam and Vijayanagar.
  • Public & Private Sector – Both public sector (SAIL plants like Bhilai, Durgapur, Rourkela) and private sector (TISCO) operate in India.
  • Production & Position – India is among the top steel producers in the world and is one of the largest producers of crude steel.
  • Mini Steel Plants – Many mini steel plants use scrap iron and electric furnaces. They are easier to set up and help meet increasing demand.
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Mineral-Based Industries > Petrochemicals

  • Meaning – Petrochemicals are chemicals obtained from petroleum and are used to make plastics, synthetic fibres, rubber, dyes, drugs and many other products.
  • Fast Growing Industry – It is one of the fastest growing industries in India with a high annual growth rate.
  • Major Centres – Important petrochemical complexes are located near oil refineries at Koyali, Barauni, Haldia, Chennai, Vadodara and Nagothane.
  • Important Companies – Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd. (IPCL) and Petrofil Cooperative Ltd. (PCL) are major producers of polymers, fibres and synthetic chemicals.
  • Self-Sufficiency & Exports – Rapid growth has made India largely self-sufficient in petrochemicals, and the country has started exporting some products.
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Polymers

  • Meaning – Polymers are made from ethylene and propylene obtained from petroleum. They are the basic raw material for the plastic industry.
  • Importance of Plastic – Plastic is widely used because it is light, durable, non-corrosive, moisture-resistant and easy to mould. It is used in packaging, construction, electronics, furniture and many other products.
  • Growth in India – Plastic manufacturing started in India in the late 1950s–60s. Today it is a fast-growing “sunrise industry.”
  • Production & Employment – About 20,000 units produce plastic goods in India, mostly in the small-scale sector. The industry provides employment to millions of people.
  • Environmental Concern – Although plastic is useful, excessive use causes environmental and health problems, so efforts are being made to reduce its use and increase recycling.
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Synthetic Fibres

  • Meaning – Synthetic fibres are man-made fibres produced from petroleum-based chemicals.
  • Properties – They are strong, durable, light, easy to wash, wrinkle-resistant and do not shrink easily.
  • Growth in India – Production began in the 1960s and expanded rapidly due to availability of raw materials from petroleum refineries.
  • Major Types – Important synthetic fibres include nylon, polyester and acrylic fibres.
  • Major Centres – Main production centres include Kota, Pimpri, Mumbai, Modinagar, Pune, Ujjain, Nagpur, Udhna, Vadodara, Thane, Ghaziabad and Manali.
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points:

  • Meaning – Crude oil contains impurities and is refined in oil refineries to produce petrol, diesel, kerosene, lubricants, bitumen, etc.
  • Beginning in India – The first oil refinery was set up at Digboi (Assam) in 1901.
  • Growth – Refining capacity increased rapidly after Independence. At present, India has a large refining capacity.
  • Number of Refineries – India has 23 oil refineries operating in public, private and joint sectors.
  • Largest Refinery – Jamnagar Refinery (Gujarat) is the largest and one of the biggest in the world.
  • Major Refinery Centres – Important centres include Jamnagar, Koyali, Mumbai, Kochi, Chennai, Haldia, Mathura, Barauni, Panipat and Digboi.
  • Sector-wise Distribution – Most refineries are in the public sector, while some operate in private and joint sectors.
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