Topics
Micro Economics
Introduction to Micro and Macro Economics
- Branches of Economics
- Father of Econometrics: Ragnar Frisch
- Microeconomics
- Macroeconomics
- Micro Economics VS Macro Economics
Introduction to Micro Economics
- Analysis of Market Structure
- Microeconomics
- Micro Economics - Slicing Method
- Use of Marginalism Principle in Micro Economics
- Micro Economics - Price Theory
- Micro Economic - Price Determination
- Micro Economics - Working of a Free Market Economy
- Micro Economics - International Trade and Public Finance
- Welfare Economics
- Micro Economics - Useful to Government
- Assumption of Micro Economic Analysis
Consumers Behavior
Analysis of Demand and Elasticity of Demand
Analysis of Supply
Types of Market and Price Determination Under Perfect Competition
Factors of Production
- Factors of Production - Feature of Capital
- Factors of Production
Macro Economics
Utility Analysis
- Basic Concepts of Microeconomics > Utility
- Commodities and Their Specific Utility for Individuals
- Total Utility and Marginal Utility
- Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility
- Paradox of Value
- Relationship Between Marginal Utility and Price
- Indifference Curve Analysis by Hicks and Allen
Introduction to Macro Economics
- Macroeconomics
- Micro Economics VS Macro Economics
- Allocation of Resource and Economic Variable
National Income
Determinants of Aggregates
- Total Demand for Good and Services
- Concept of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
- Consumption
- Investment Demand
- Government Demand
- Foreign Demand
- Difference Betweeen Export and Import
- Effect of Population of Consumption Expediture
- Types of Investment Expenditure
- Micro Eco-Equilibrium
Money
- Concept of Money
- Functions of Money
- Standard of Deferred Payment
- Standard of Transfer Payment
- Money - Store of Value
- Barter system
- Monetary Payments
- Concept of Good Money
Commercial Bank
Central Bank
- Central Bank
- Central Bank Function - Banker's Bank
- Central Bank as a Controller of Credit
- Monetary Function of Central Bank
- Non Monetary Function of Central Bank
- Methods of Credit Control
- Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate
- Central Bank Function - Goverment Bank
Public Economics
- Introduction of Public Economics
- Features of Public Economics
- Government Budget
- Objectives of Government Budget
- Features of Government Budget
- Public Economics - Budget (1 Year)(1 April to 31 March)
- Types of Budget
- Taxable Income
- Budgetary Accounting in India
- Budgetary Accounting - Consolidated , Contingency and Public Fund
- Components (Structure) of the Government Budget
- Factor Influencing Government Budget
Demand Analysis
- Concept of Demand
- Demand Schedule
- Individual Demand Schedule
- Market Demand Schedule
- Demand Curve
- Individual Demand Curve
- Market Demand Curve
- Reasons for the Downward Slope of the Demand Curve
- Types of Demand
- Determinants of Demand
- Law of Demand
- Exceptions to the Law of Demand
- Variations in Demand
- Changes in Demand
Elasticity of Demand
- Concept of Elasticity of Demand
- Types of Elasticity of Demand > Income Elasticity
- Types of Elasticity of Demand > Cross Elasticity
- Types of Elasticity of Demand > Price Elasticity
- Perfectly Elastic Demand
- Perfectly Inelastic Demand
- Unitary Elastic Demand
- Relatively Elastic Demand
- Relatively Inelastic Demand
- Methods of Measuring Price Elasticity of Demand
- Linear Demand Curve
- Non-Linear Demand Curve
- Factors Influencing the Elasticity of Demand
- Importance of Elasticity of Demand
- Determinants of Price Elasticity of Demand
Supply Analysis
- Concept of Supply
- Concept of Total Output
- Concept of Stock
- Distinguish between Stock and Supply
- Supply Schedule
- Individual Supply Schedule
- Market Supply Schedule
- Determinants of Supply
- Law of Supply
- Variations in Supply
- Changes in Supply
- Cost Concepts > Total Costs
- Cost Concepts > Average Cost
- Cost Concepts > Marginal Cost
- Revenue Concepts
- Total Revenue
- Average Revenue
- Marginal Revenue
Forms of Market
- Concept of Market
- Classification of Market > Based on Place
- Classification of Market > Based on Place
- Classification of Market > Based on Time
- Classification of Market > Based on Competition
- Perfect Competition
- Price Determination Under Perfect Competition
- Imperfect Competition
- Monopoly
- Concept of Monopsony
- Oligopoly
- Monopolistic Competition
Index Numbers
- Index Numbers
- Features of Index Numbers
- Types of Index Numbers
- Index Numbers Used by Government of India
- Significance of Index Numbers
- Rebasing of GDP, IIP, and WPI
- Construction of Index Numbers
- Methods of Constructing Index Numbers > Simple Index Number
- Price Index Number
- Quantity Index Number
- Value Index Number
- Methods of Constructing Index Numbers > Weighted Index Number
- Laaspeyre’s Price Index Number
- Paasche’s Price Index Number
- Concepts of Sensex and Nifty
- Crops in India's Agricultural and Industrial Production Index
- Limitations of Index Numbers
National Income
- Concept of National Income
- Features of National Income
- Circular Flow of National Income
- Two Sector Model of Circular Flow of National Income
- Three Sector Model of Circular Flow of National Income
- Four Sector Model of Circular Income
- Different Concepts of National Income
- Concept of Green GNP
- Methods of Measurement of National Income
- Output Method/Product Method
- Income Method
- Expenditure Method
- Concept of Mixed income
- Difficulties in the Measurement of National Income
- Importance of National Income Analysis
Public Finance in India
- Public Finance
- Difference Between Public Finance and Private Finance
- Structure of Public Finance > Public Expenditure
- Important Social Welfare Schemes by the Government
- Structure of Public Finance > Public Revenue
- Public Revenue > Taxes
- Types of Taxes
- Direct Tax
- Indirect Tax
- Public Revenue > Non-tax Revenue
- Structure of Public Finance > Public Debt
- Structure of Public Finance > Fiscal Policy
- Structure of Public Finance > Financial Administration
- GST(Economics)
- Government Budget
- Revenue and Capital Budgets
- Types of Budget
- Importance of Budget
Money Market and Capital Market in India
- Concept of Financial Market
- Money Market in India
- Structure of Money Market in India > Organized Sector
- Structure of Money Market in India > Organized Sector
- Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
- Commercial Banks
- Co-operative Banks
- Development Financial Institutions (DFIs)
- Discount and Finance House of India (DFHI)
- Structure of Money Market in India > Unorganized Sector
- Money Market Instruments
- Role of Money Market in India
- Problems of the Indian Money Market
- Reforms Introduced in the Money Market
- Recent Developments in Banking Sector
- Capital Market in India
- Structure of Capital Market in India
- Role of Capital Market in India
- Problems of the Capital Market
- Regional Stock Exchanges in India
- Reforms Introduced in the Capital Market
- Economic Policy in an Economy
Foreign Trade of India
- India’s Trade Relations Before 1947
- Internal Trade
- Foreign Trade of India
- Types of Foreign Trade
- Role of Foreign Trade
- India’s Recent Trade Relations with China and Japan
- Composition of India’s Foreign Trade
- India’s Foreign Trade Share in GNI
- Composition of India's Imports
- Composition of India's Exports
- Direction of India’s Foreign Trade
- Trends in India’s Foreign Trade since 2001
- Concept of Balance of Payments
- Balance of Trade
- Member Nations of OPEC and OECD
- Primary Functions
- Secondary Functions
- Contingent Functions
- Real-Life Application
- Key Point Summary
Maharashtra State Board: Class 11
CISCE: Class 12
CISCE: Class 12
Primary Functions
A. Medium of Exchange
- Money is what people use to buy and sell goods and services.
- It allows for easy exchange – for example, sell vegetables, receive money, then use that money to buy clothes.
- Key point: Money removes the need for direct barter (finding someone who wants exactly what is offered).
B. Measure of Value (Unit of Account)
- Money lets everyone know how much something is worth, using prices.
- All items can be compared because their prices are written in the same units (e.g., rupees in India, dollars in the USA).
- Key point: Prices make buying and selling easy to understand.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 11
CISCE: Class 12
CISCE: Class 12
Secondary Functions
A. Standard of Deferred Payments
- Money makes it easy to borrow and lend, with clear repayment terms.
- Payments to be made in the future (like loans or rents) are given as a specific amount of money.
B. Store of Value
- Money lets people save today to spend tomorrow.
- Savings can be used in the future for unexpected needs or big purchases.
- Key point: Money can be stored without losing its value quickly.
C. Transfer of Value
- Money allows people to send or receive value across distances and between people.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 11
CISCE: Class 12
CISCE: Class 12
Contingent Functions
A. Measurement of National Income
-
The total income of a country is expressed in money terms, making comparison and calculation easier.
B. Basis of Credit
-
Banks use money (deposited by people) as the foundation to create loans and credit.
C. Imparts Liquidity to Wealth
-
Money is called the most liquid asset because it can easily be converted into goods, services, or other assets.
D. Estimation of Macroeconomic Variables
-
National stats like GNP, investment, and savings are measured in money.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 11
CISCE: Class 12
CISCE: Class 12
Real-Life Application
| Function | Everyday Example |
|---|---|
| Medium of Exchange | Buying groceries with cash |
| Measure of Value | Comparing prices of two brands of chips |
| Store of Value | Saving pocket money in a piggy bank |
| Standard of Deferred Payment | Paying rent every month |
Maharashtra State Board: Class 11, 12
CISCE: Class 12
CISCE: Class 12
Key Points: Functions of Money
- Medium of Exchange & Measure of Value: Money is used to buy and sell goods and services and to express prices, income, and expenditure in a common unit.
- Standard of Deferred Payments & Store of Value: Money makes future payments (loans, wages) easy and allows saving for future needs.
- Transfer of Value & Liquidity: Money helps transfer value across persons and places and is the most liquid form of wealth.
- Basis of Credit & Economic Measurement: Money forms the base of bank credit and helps measure national income and other macroeconomic variables.
Test Yourself
Related QuestionsVIEW ALL [17]
From the following data, calculate "Net Value Added at Factor Cost".
| S.no. | Content | (Rs. in Lakhs) |
| (i) | Sales | 400 |
| (ii) | Change in Stock | (−) 20 |
| (iii) | Intermediate consumption | 200 |
| (iv) | Net indirect taxes | 40 |
| (v) | Exports | 50 |
| (vi) | Depreciation | 70 |
