Definitions [2]
Definition: Papilla
The apex of each pyramid in the medulla of the kidney that projects into the pelvis is called the papilla.
Definition: Nephrons
The kidney is composed of an enormous number of minute tubules called uriniferous tubules or nephrons or renal tubules or just kidney tubules. These are the structural and functional units of the kidney.
Key Points
Key Points: The Stomach
- The stomach is a muscular J‑shaped sac in the upper left abdomen, between oesophagus and small intestine.
- It has four regions: cardiac, fundus, body and pyloric, each with specific roles in food storage and mixing.
- The body region mainly stores food, churns it and mixes it with gastric juice to form chyme.
- The pyloric region opens into the duodenum and its pyloric sphincter controls the release of chyme.
- The cardiac (lower oesophageal) and pyloric sphincters prevent backflow and regulate movement of food, so regurgitation is avoided.
Key Points: Kidneys
- Humans have two bean-shaped kidneys, located on either side of the backbone and protected by the last two ribs.
- The right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the position of the liver.
- Each kidney has a hilum where the ureter, renal artery, and renal vein are connected.
- Internally, the kidney has an outer cortex and an inner medulla made up of conical structures called renal pyramids.
- The kidney contains numerous nephrons (uriniferous tubules), which are the structural and functional units responsible for urine formation.
