- Hunting was an early method used by humans to obtain food.
- Large-scale hunting has caused the extinction of many animal species.
- Commercial hunting is banned, and laws are made to protect wildlife.
- Some tribes like Bushmen, Pygmies, Eskimos, Sentinels, Jarawahs, and Onges still practice hunting for a livelihood.
Definitions [3]
Define viticulture.
Viticulture is grape cultivation which is speciality of the Mediterranean region.
Define truck farming.
It is the type of farming where farmers specialize in and grow vegetables only. The distance of truck farms from the market is governed by the distance a truck can cover overnight.
Define factory farming.
Factory farming is a modern development in the industrial regions of West Europe where livestock especially poultry and cattle rearing is done installs and pens and fed on manufactured feedstuff and carefully supervised against diseases.
Key Points
Key Points: Primary Occupations> Mining
- Mining is the extraction of minerals from the earth, used since ancient times.
- Human development (Stone Age, Iron Age, etc.) is linked to the use of minerals.
- Minerals are unevenly distributed and cannot be manufactured by humans.
- Mining depends on factors like geology, value of minerals, technology, capital, and labour.
- Mining supports industries and transportation, leading to economic development.
Key Points: Primary Occupations> Fishing
- Fishing is an important primary activity, especially in coastal areas.
- Fishing develops in areas with wide continental shelves and shallow waters.
- The meeting of warm and cold ocean currents creates rich fishing grounds.
- Human factors like traditional skills, a large population, and a lack of other jobs support fishing.
- Use of modern technology, good ports, and cold climate helps in fish preservation and increases fishing activity.
Key Points: Primary Occupations> Animal Husbandry
- Animal husbandry is mainly developed between 30° to 60° latitudes in both hemispheres.
- It depends on the climate and the availability of grasslands.
- It is highly developed on a commercial scale in North America, South America, and Australia.
- Dense forests, poor climate, and low-quality fodder limit animal husbandry in equatorial regions.
- Animal husbandry is often carried out along with agriculture as an allied activity.
Key Points: Primary Occupations> Agriculture
- The percentage of people engaged in agriculture is highest in Africa and Asia.
- Developed countries have less population in agriculture, while developing countries have more.
- Agriculture depends on physical factors like climate, soil, and topography.
- It also depends on economic and social factors like labour, market, capital, transport, and government policies.
- Modern methods like greenhouses, high-yielding seeds, fertilisers, and insecticides increase agricultural production.
Key Points: Primary Occupations> Hunting
Key Points: Primary Occupations> Gathering
- Many people depend on a collection of forest products for their livelihood.
- Products collected include fruits, roots, medicinal plants, gum, honey, wax, and rubber.
- Some forest products have high market demand and are collected on a commercial scale.
- In dense equatorial forests, collection is limited due to the humid climate and the presence of insects and reptiles.
Key Points: Primary Occupations> Lumbering
- Lumbering is an important forest activity involving the cutting of trees for wood.
- Commercial lumbering is mostly done in coniferous forests, where tall trees of one species grow.
- Tropical forests have hardwood trees, but large-scale lumbering is difficult there.
- Excessive use of wood has reduced forest cover and caused environmental problems.
Key Points: Agriculture
- Govt aimed at growth with equity via land reforms + Green Revolution.
- Land reforms: removed zamindars, gave land to tillers; land ceiling planned but weakly implemented, real success mainly in Kerala, West Bengal.
- Green Revolution: HYV seeds + fertilisers + irrigation → big rise in wheat/rice, richer states first, later spread → self-sufficiency in food grains and more marketed surplus.
- Subsidies (water, power, fertilisers): helped small farmers use new tech but caused waste, environmental damage, and burden on govt, so there is debate on reforming them.
- 1950–1990 problem: agri share in GDP fell, but most people still in agriculture because industry and services did not absorb extra workers → seen as policy failure.
Important Questions [10]
- Give a geographical reason: Hunting has been banned.
- Identify the incorrect factor: Primary economic activities:
- Differentiate between: Lumbering in Equatorial forests and Temperate forests
- Write a short note on hunting and loss of ecosystem.
- Give geographical reasons: Lumbering is developed on a large scale in Canada.
- Commercial lumbering is mainly carried in ______.
- Ideal location for fishing.
- Differentiate between: Mining and Fishing.
- Give a geographical reason: Mining is developed in the Chhota Nagpur Plateau of India.
- Primary Economic activity not related directly to latitudinal locations:
