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Question
What is permanent hardness of water? How can it be removed?
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Solution
The hardness due to the presence of chloride and sulphate salts of calcium and magnesium is known as the permanent hardness of the water.
Removal of hardness:
- Adding washing soda.
- Washing soda is used to remove the permanent hardness of the water.
- It converts chlorides and sulphates into insoluble carbonates.
- These insoluble carbonates are removed by filtration.
- Distillation
- Temporary and permanent hardness both can be removed by the method of distillation.
- The water obtained after distillation is called distilled water.
- It is the purest form of water.
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