Question

In the electric flux formula \[\Phi = EA \cos \theta\], what does θ represent?

Options

• The angle between the normal and the horizontal

• The angle between the electric field vector and the area vector

• The angle between the surface and the horizontal plane

• The angle between the electric field and the surface itself

Answer 1

θ represents the angle between the electric field vector \[\vec{E}\] and the area vector \[\vec{A}\]. Electric flux depends on this angle, not on the angle between the field and the surface tangent. This distinction is crucial for correct flux calculations.