Question

In a study on Moral Development, subjects were presented with a hypothetical situation involving conflicting moral values or moral dilemmas. They were asked to make judgements on this situation and give their reasoning.

1. Who proposed the Theory of Moral Development referred to above?
2. Briefly explain each of the following stages of Moral Development:
   1. Obedience and Punishment Orientation.
   2. Good girl-Good boy Orientation.
   3. Social Contract Orientation/Legalistic Orientation.

Answer 1

1. Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg pioneered the concept of moral development or growth. Kohlberg's idea of moral development suggests that individuals develop a deeper understanding of moral issues and obstacles throughout time. He classified the six periods of moral maturation into three categories: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional.
2. Stages of Moral Development:
   1. Obedience and Punishment Orientation: Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral formation identifies the Obedience and Punishment Orientation as the first stage of the pre-conventional level. During this stage, individuals prioritize avoiding punishment and following authority figures to ensure their personal safety and security.
   2. Good girl-Good Boy Orientation: According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral formation, the "Good Girl-Good Boy Orientation" is the second stage of pre-conventional development. During this stage, the focus moves from accepting and sustaining healthy connections to compliance and punishment. During this stage, individuals seek acceptance from peers, society, and authority figures in order to preserve peaceful relationships and prevent conflict. They stress adherence to society standards and follow the law to keep their good reputation. This stage prioritizes acceptance, compliance, and avoidance of rejection in moral growth.
   3. Social Contract Orientation/Legalistic Orientation: Lawrence Kohlberg's Social Contract Orientation, also known as Legalistic Orientation, represents the third stage of moral development. Upholding cultural standards and moral rules is crucial for maintaining social order and promoting the greater good. Moral decision-making prioritizes promoting the common good and assessing the impact on society. During this stage, individuals analyze existing laws and societal norms using fairness, equality, and justice ideals. They may challenge unfair laws and promote ethical changes.