Question

For a surface inclined at an angle such that 0° < θ < 90°, which statement correctly describes the flux?

Options

• The flux is zero because the surface is not perpendicular to the field

• The flux is negative

• The flux is positive but reduced compared to the maximum value EA

• The flux equals EA regardless of the angle

Answer 1

When 0° < θ < 90°, \[\cos(\theta)\] is between 0 and 1, so \[\Phi = EA \cos(\theta)\] is positive but less than the maximum value EA. This means field lines still cross the surface in the direction of the normal, but fewer do so due to the oblique angle.