Question

For a general surface, electric flux is calculated using which integral expression?

Options

• \[\Phi = E \cdot A\]

• \[\Phi = \int_S \vec{E} \cdot d\vec{A}\]

• \[\Phi = \int_S E \, dA\]

• \[\Phi = \int_S \vec{E} \times d\vec{A}\]

Answer 1

For any general surface, electric flux is given by the integral of the dot product of the electric field vector and the differential area vector across the entire surface. This integral formulation accounts for variations in both the field and surface orientation.