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Question
Describe the dihybrid cross upto F2 generation as conducted by Gregor Mendel using pure lines of Garden Pea for characters-seed shape and seed colour.
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Solution
Yellow colour was dominant over green and round shape was dominant over wrinkled. These results were identical to those that he got when he made separate monohybrid crosses between yellow and green-seeded plants and between round and wrinkled-seeded plants. Let us use the genotypic symbols Y for the dominant yellow seed colour and y for the recessive green seed colour, R for round-shaped seeds and r for wrinkled seed shape. The genotype of the parents can then be written as RRYY and rryy. The cross between the two plants can be written down showing the genotypes of the parent plants. The gametes RY and ry unite on fertilisation to produce the F1 hybrid RrYy. When Mendel self-hybridised the F1 plants, he found that 3/4th of F2 plants had yellow seeds and 1/4th had green. The yellow and green colours are segregated in a 3 : 1 ratio. Round and wrinkled seed shapes are also segregated in a 3 : 1 ratio; just like in a monohybrid cross. In the dihybrid cross Figure, the phenotypes round, yellow; wrinkled, yellow; round, green and wrinkled, green appeared in the ratio 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. Such a ratio was observed for several pairs of characters that Mendel studied. The ratio of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 can be derived as a combination series of 3 yellow : 1 green, with 3 round : 1 wrinkled. This derivation can be written as follows: (3 Round : 1 Wrinkled) (3 Yellow : 1 Green) = 9 Round, Yellow : 3 Wrinkled, Yellow: 3 Round, Green : 1 Wrinkled, Green Based upon such observations on dihybrid crosses (crosses between plants differing in two traits) Mendel proposed a second set of generalisations that we call Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment. The law states that ‘when two pairs of traits are combined in a hybrid, segregation of one pair of characters is independent of the other pair of characters’.
Phenotypic ratio:
| round yellow : round green : wrinkled yellow : wrinkled green |
| 9 3 3 1 |
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RELATED QUESTIONS
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i. Each factor controlled the single trait and is located on separate chromosomes.
ii. In the pea plant, contrasting characters can be easily recognized.
iii. Mendel carefully recorded the number of plants of each type and expressed his results as ratios.
iv. Mendel performed biochemical assays for identifying the position of 'factors' on chromosome.
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