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प्रश्न
Isotherms of carbon dioxide gas are shown in figure. Mark a path for changing gas into liquid such that only one phase (i.e., either a gas or a liquid) exists at any time during the change. Explain how the temperature, volume and pressure should be changed to carry out the change.
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उत्तर
In isotherm of carbon dioxide, it is possible to change a gas into liquid or a liquid into gas by a process in which always a single phase is present.
If we move vertically from point \[\ce{A}\] to \[\ce{F}\] by increasing the temperature, then we can reach the point G by compressing the gas at constant temperature along this (isotherm at 31.1°C). Now we can move vertically downwards to \[\ce{D}\] by lowering the temperature. As soon as we cross point \[\ce{H}\] on critical isotherm, we get liquid. If process is carried out at critical temperature, substance always remains in one phase. Hence the path for the change is \[\ce{A → F → G → H → D}\]
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(i) Interpret the behaviour of real gas with respect to ideal gas at low pressure.
(ii) Interpret the behaviour of real gas with respect to ideal gas at high pressure.
(iii) Mark the pressure and volume by drawing a line at the point where real gas behaves as an ideal gas.
Match the following graphs of ideal gas with their co-ordinates:
| Graphical representation | x and y co-ordinates |
(i)  |
(a) pV vs. V |
(ii)  |
(b) p vs. V |
(iii)  |
(c) p vs. `1/V` |
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