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प्रश्न
Explain the following term with an example.
Functional group
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उत्तर
Functional group: The functional group is defined as an atom or group of atoms joined in a specific manner, which gives the chemical properties of the organic compound and they are the centers for chemical reactivity. Compounds having a similar functional group have undergoes similar reactions.
For example:
1. Alkane: The functional group presence in the alkane is \[\ce{-C-C -}\]. The IUPAC group suffix of an alkane is – ane.
Example: Methane CH4
2. Alkene: The functional group presence in the alkene is \[\ce{- C = C -}\] (double bond). The IUPAC group suffix of an alkene is – ene.
Example: butene
3. Alkynes: The functional group presence in the alkyne is \[\ce{- C ≡ C -}\] (triple bond). The IUPAC group suffix of an alkyne is – yne.
4. Arenes: They contain a benzene ring as the functional group.
Example: Benzene
5. Halides: The functional group presence in halides is X(halogen).
Example: Chloromethane
6. Alcohols: The functional group, which is present in alcohol, is -OH. The IUPAC group suffix of alcohol is – ol.
Example: Ethanol
\[\begin{array}{cc}
|\phantom{..........}|\phantom{....}\\
\ce{- C - OH - C - OH}\\
|\phantom{..........}|\phantom{....}
\end{array}\]
7. Aldehydes: The functional group, which is present in an aldehyde, is \[\ce{- CHO}\]. The IUPAC group suffix of an aldehyde is \[\ce{–al}\].
Example: Formaldehyde
\[\begin{array}{cc}
\phantom{....}\ce{O}\\
|\phantom{....}||\phantom{.}\\
\ce{- C - C - H}\\
|\phantom{......}
\end{array}\]
8. Ketones: The functional group, which is present in a ketone is \[\ce{>C=O}\]. The IUPAC group suffix of a ketone is –one.
Example: Acetone
\[\begin{array}{cc}
\ce{O}\\
|\phantom{....}||\phantom{....}|\\
\ce{- C - C - C -}\\
|\phantom{.........}|
\end{array}\]
9. Carboxylic acid: The functional group present in a carboxylic acid is \[\ce{- COOH}\]. The IUPAC group suffix of a carboxylic acid is – oic acid.
Example: Acetic acid
\[\begin{array}{cc}
\phantom{..}\ce{O}\\
|\phantom{....}||\phantom{...}\\
\ce{- C - C - OH}\\
|\phantom{........}
\end{array}\]
10. Amine: The functional groups present in an amine are \[\ce{- NH2 > NH > N -}\] The IUPAC group prefix of an amine is amino – or the suffix is –amine.
Example: Methylamine
\[\begin{array}{cc}
|\phantom{....}\\
\ce{- C - \overset{\bullet\bullet}{N} -}\\
|\phantom{....}|\end{array}\]
11. Ester: The functional group present in an ester is \[\ce{-COOR}\] .
The IUPAC group suffix of an ester is –ate.
Example: Ethyl acetate
\[\begin{array}{cc}
\phantom{.}|\phantom{........}|\phantom{.......}|\phantom{........}|\\
\ce{- C - O - C -- C - O - C -}\\
\phantom{.}|\phantom{........}|\phantom{.......}|\phantom{........}|\\\end{array}\]
APPEARS IN
संबंधित प्रश्न
Write answer as directed.
Give any four functional groups containing oxygen as the heteroatom in it. Write name and structural formula of one example each.
Find the odd one out and give its explanation.
Write the molecular formula of the given compound.
Ethyl alcohol
Write the molecular formula of the given compound.
Propene
Carbon compounds contain only open chains of carbon atoms.
Benzene is a cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon.
Cyclohexane is a branched chain type of hydrocarbon.
Explain the concept of heteroatoms with the help of examples.
Distinguish between:
Open chain hydrocarbons - Closed chain hydrocarbons
Distinguish between:
Alkane - Alkene
Write a short note.
Catenation power
Complete the given chart with writing the correct functional group of carbon compounds.
(Ester, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic acid, Alcohol, Ether)
| -O-H | |
| \[\begin{array}{cc} \ce{O}\phantom{..}\\ ||\phantom{..}\\ \ce{-C-H} \end{array}\] |
|
| \[\begin{array}{cc} \ce{O}\\ ||\\ \ce{-C-} \end{array}\] |
|
| \[\begin{array}{cc} \ce{O}\phantom{.....}\\ ||\phantom{.....}\\ \ce{-C-O-H} \end{array}\] |
|
| -O- | |
| \[\begin{array}{cc} \ce{O}\phantom{..}\\ ||\phantom{..}\\ \ce{-C-O} \end{array}\] |
|
|
\[\begin{array}{cc} |
An atom or a group of atoms that is responsible for the chemical characteristics of an organic compound is called ______.
Match the following.
| Functional group –OH | - | Benzene |
| Heterocyclic | - | Potassium stearate |
| Unsaturated | - | Alcohol |
| Soap | - | Furan |
| Carbocyclic | - | Ethene |
Chlorine reacts with saturated hydrocarbons at room temperature in the
Which of the following is not a straight chain hydrocarbon?
Consider the following organic compounds:
| (i) \[\begin{array}{cc} \ce{H}\phantom{...}\ce{H}\phantom{...}\ce{H}\\ |\phantom{....}|\phantom{....}|\\ \ce{H - C - C - C = O}\\ |\phantom{....}|\phantom{.....}\\ \ce{H}\phantom{....}\ce{H}\phantom{.....} \end{array}\] |
(ii) \[\begin{array}{cc} \phantom{....}\ce{H}\phantom{...}\ce{H}\phantom{....}\\ \phantom{....}|\phantom{....}|\phantom{....}\\ \ce{H - C - C = O}\\|\phantom{.....}\\ \ce{H}\phantom{.....}\end{array}\] |
- Name the functional group present in these compounds.
- Write the general formula for the compounds of this functional group.
- State the relationship between these compounds and draw the structure of any other compound having a similar functional group.
Identify heteroatom (s) in the following compound.
\[\begin{array}{cc}
\ce{CH3CH2 - C - CH3}\\\
\phantom{....}||\
\ce\\\phantom{....}{O}\end{array}\]
One variety of household fuel is a mixture of propane (60%) and butane (40%). If 20 litres of this mixture is burnt, find the total volume of carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere. The combination reactions can be represented as:
\[\ce{C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O}\]
\[\ce{2C4H10 +13O2 -> 8CO2 + 10H2O}\]
Write the IUPAC name of the following:
\[\begin{array}{cc}
\ce{CH3}\phantom{...}\ce{CH3}\phantom{.......}\\
|\phantom{.......}|\phantom{.........}\\
\ce{CH2 - CH - CH2}\\
\phantom{...........}|\\
\phantom{......................}\ce{CH2}\ce{CH2}\ce{CH3}
\end{array}\]
