मराठी

Vector and Cartesian Equations of a Line

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Topics

Estimated time: 3 minutes
  • Equation of a line passing through a given point and parallel to given vector
  • Equation of a line passing through given two points
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12

Formula: Angle between Two Lines

Vector:

Angle between two lines: \[\cos\theta=\left|\frac{\mathbf{b}_{1}\cdot\mathbf{b}_{2}}{|\mathbf{b}_{1}||\mathbf{b}_{2}|}\right|\]

If two lines are perpendicular: b₁ · b₂ = 0

If two lines are parallel: b₁ = λb₂

Cartesian: 

\[\cos\theta=\frac{|a_{1}a_{2}+b_{1}b_{2}+c_{1}c_{2}|}{\sqrt{a_{1}^{2}+b_{1}^{2}+c_{1}^{2}}\sqrt{a_{2}^{2}+b_{2}^{2}+c_{2}^{2}}}\]

If two lines are perpendicular: a₁a₂ + b₁b₂ + c₁c₂ = 0

If two lines are parallel: \[\frac{a_1}{a_2}=\frac{b_1}{b_2}=\frac{c_1}{c_2}\]

Maharashtra State Board: Class 12

Key Points: Vector and Cartesian Equations of a Line

Case Vector Form Cartesian Form (Symmetric Form)
1. Through a point + parallel to vector r = a + λb x = x₁ + lλ y = y₁ + mλ z = z₁ + nλ
2. Through two points r = a + λ(b − a) x − x₁ / (x₂ − x₁) = y − y₁ / (y₂ − y₁) = z − z₁ / (z₂ − z₁)
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