मराठी
CBSEScience (English Medium) Class 12
प्रश्नपत्रिका२६३९
पाठ्यपुस्तक उत्तरे२५९९७
MCQ ऑनलाइन सराव परीक्षा४३
महत्वाचे प्रश्न आणि उत्तरे२६०६३
संकल्पना स्पष्टीकरण आणि व्हिडिओ६२९
टाइम टेबल२४
अभ्यासक्रम

Overview of Population : Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition

Advertisements

Topics

Estimated time: 15 minutes
CBSE: Class 12

Key Points: Distribution of Population

  • India has an uneven distribution of population. States like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar and West Bengal have the highest population, while Arunachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Jammu & Kashmir have a very small share.
  • About 76% of India’s population lives in ten major states, including U.P., Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
  • Physical factors such as climate, terrain and availability of water influence population distribution. The Northern Plains, river deltas and coastal plains are densely populated.
  • Areas like the Himalayas, North-East and western desert regions have low population due to difficult terrain and harsh climate. However, irrigation, minerals and transport development have increased population in some regions.
  • Socio-economic and historical factors such as settled agriculture, industrialisation, urbanisation and transport network also influence population concentration. Cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and Bengaluru have high population due to job opportunities.
CBSE: Class 12

Key Points: Density of Population

  • Population density means the number of persons per square kilometre. It shows the relationship between population and land area.
  • India’s population density increased from 117 persons/sq km in 1951 to 382 persons/sq km in 2011, showing a steady rise over time.
  • There is wide variation in population density — from 17 persons/sq km in Arunachal Pradesh to 11,297 persons/sq km in Delhi (NCT).
  • States like Bihar, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh have high density in North India, while Kerala and Tamil Nadu have high density in Peninsular India. Himalayan and North-Eastern states have low density.
  • Population density is a crude measure, so better measures like physiological density and agricultural density are used to understand pressure on cultivable land.
CBSE: Class 12

Key Points: Growth of Population in India

  • Population growth means the change in population between two time periods. It is expressed in percentage and has two components: natural growth (birth–death) and induced growth (migration).
  • India’s annual population growth rate in 2011 was 1.64%, showing that growth has remained high over time.
  • Population doubling time refers to the time taken by a population to double at the current annual growth rate.
  • Phase I (1901–1921): Stagnant growth phase because both birth rate and death rate were high, causing very low or negative growth due to poor health and food distribution.
  • Phase II (1921–1951): Steady growth, Phase III (1951–1981): Population explosion due to falling death rate but high birth rate, and Phase IV (1981–present): Growth rate slowing down due to lower birth rate, higher marriage age and improved female education.
CBSE: Class 12

Key Points: Regional Variation in Population Growth

  • During 1991–2001, southern states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Goa and Puducherry showed low population growth (below 20%), with Kerala having the lowest (9.4%).
  • A belt of states in north, north-west and central India such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Assam, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh showed higher growth rates (20–25%).
  • During 2001–2011, most states showed a decline in growth rate compared to the previous decade. Major states like U.P., Maharashtra, Bihar and West Bengal registered a fall in growth.
  • Adolescents (10–19 years) form about 20.9% of India’s population (2011). They have high potential but are also vulnerable to problems like early marriage, illiteracy, malnutrition, HIV/AIDS, drug abuse and crime.
  • The Government has introduced youth development policies like National Youth Policy (2014) and Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Policy (2015) to improve education and employment opportunities for youth.
CBSE: Class 12

Key Points: Population Composition

  • Population composition means the study of population based on age, sex, residence, language, religion, education and occupation.
  • Rural–Urban Composition: In India, 68.8% population lives in rural areas and 31.16% lives in urban areas (2011). Rural population is not equally distributed in all states.
  • Urban population is growing faster due to economic development, better health facilities and rural–urban migration, especially near industrial and transport centres.
  • Linguistic Composition: India has great language diversity. There are 22 scheduled languages, and Hindi has the highest number of speakers, while Sanskrit, Bodo and Manipuri have the lowest.
  • Religious Composition: Hindus form the majority in most states. Muslims are mainly concentrated in Jammu & Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Kerala and Lakshadweep. Christians are concentrated in Goa, Kerala and North-East states.
  • Working Population: India has only 39.8% workers (main + marginal) and about 60% non-workers, showing a high dependent population.
  • Occupational Composition: Most workers are in the primary sector. About 54.6% are cultivators and agricultural labourers, 3.8% work in household industries, and 41.6% are in other sectors like trade, services, construction and industries. Male workers are more than female workers in all sectors.
Advertisements
Share
Notifications

Englishहिंदीमराठी
Login
Create free account


      Forgot password?
Course
Use app×