Balbharati solutions for साइंस एण्ड टेक्नॉलोजी पार्ट १ [अंग्रेजी] कक्षा १० महाराष्ट्र राज्य बोर्ड chapter 9 - Carbon Compounds [Latest edition]

What are the types of compounds?

Objects in everyday use such as foodstuff, fibers, paper, medicines, wood, fuels, are made of various compounds. Which constituent elements are common in these compounds?

To which group in the periodic table does the element carbon belongs? Write down the electronic configuration of carbon and deduce the valency of carbon.

What is meant by a chemical bond?

What is the number of chemical bonds that an atom of an element forms called?

What are the two important types of chemical bonds?

Atomic number of chlorine is 17.

What is the number of electron in the valence shell of chlorine?

Molecular formula of chlorine is Cl₂.

Draw electron-dot and line structure of a chlorine molecule.

The molecular formula of water is H2O. Draw electron-dot and line structures for this triatomic molecule. (Use dots for electron of oxygen atom and crosses for electrons of hydrogen atoms.)

The molecular formula of ammonia is NH₃. Draw electron-dot and line structures for ammonia molecule.

The molecular formula of carbon dioxide is CO₂. Draw the electron-dot structure (without showing circle) and line structure for CO₂.

With which bond C atom in CO₂ is bonded to each of the O atoms?

The molecular formula of sulphur is S₈ in which eight sulphur atoms are bonded to each other to form one ring. Draw an electron-dot structure for S₈ without showing the circles.

Hydrogen peroxide decomposes on its own by the following reaction

\[\ce{H - O - O - H -> 2H - O - H + O2}\]

From this, what will be your inference about the strength of O – O covalent bond?

Tell from the above example whether oxygen has catenation power or not.

Molecular formula of Propane is C₃H₈ , write the structural formula of propane.

The molecular formula ethyne is C₂H₂. From this draw its structural formula and electron - dot structure.

How many bonds have to be there in between the two carbon atoms in ethyne so as to satisfy their tetravalency?

Draw electron-dot structure of cyclohexane.

Fill in the gaps in the table a, b and c of homologous series.

a. Homologous Series of Alkanes

b. Homologous Series of Alcohols

c. Homologous Series of Alkenes

By how many -CH₂- (methylene) units do the formulae of the first two members of homologous series of alkanes, methane (CH₄) and ethane (C₂H₆) differ? Similarly, by how many -CH₂- units do the neighbouring members ethane (C₂H₆) and propane (C₃H₈) differ from each other?

How many methylene units are extra in the formula of the fourth member than the third member of the homologous series of alcohols?

How many methylene units are less in the formula of the second member than the third member of the homologous series of alkenes?

The above table shows the homologous series of alkenes. Inspect the molecular formulae of the members of this series. Do you find any relationship, in the number of carbon atoms and the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecular formulae?

If the number of carbon atoms in the molecular formulae of alkenes is denoted by ‘n’, what will be the number of hydrogen atoms?

What would be the general formula for the molecular formulae of the members of the homologous series of alkanes? What would be the value of ‘n’ for the first member of this series?

The general molecular formula for the homologous series of alkynes is C_nH_2n−2. Write down the individual molecular formulae of the first, second and third members by substituting the values 2, 3 and 4 respectively for ‘n’ in this formula.

Write down structural formulae of the first four members of the various homologous series formed by making use of the functional groups in the given table.

General formula of the homologous series of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Write down the molecular formula of the 8^th and 12^th member using this.

1. Draw three structural formulae having molecular formula C₅H₁₂.
2. Give the names n-pentane, 1(i-pentane) and neopentane to the above three structural formulae. (Use the same logic as used in the names of the isomeric butanes for this purpose.)

Draw all the possible structural formulae having molecular formula C₆H₁₄. Give names to all the isomers. Which difficulties were faced by you while naming?

The table shows common names and structural formulae of a few carbon compounds. Complete the following table with writing IUPAC name of carbon compound.

Which is the component of biogas that makes it useful as fuel?

Which product is formed by the combustion of elemental carbon?

Is the biogas combustion reaction endothermic or exothermic?

Propane (C₃H₈) is one of the combustible component of L.P.G. Write down the reaction for complete combustion of Propane (C₃H₈).

The proportion of carbon atoms in ethanol (C₂H₅OH) and naphthalene (C₁₀H₈).

How is the transformation of ethanol into ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction?

In the chlorination, substitution reaction of propane two isomeric products containing one chlorine atom are obtained. Draw their structural formulae and give their IUPAC names.

Explain by writing a reaction, what will happen when pieces of sodium metal are put in n-propyl alcohol.

Explain by writing a reaction, which product will be formed on heating n - butyl alcohol with concentrated sulphuric acid.

Which one of ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid is stronger?

Which indicator paper out of blue litmus paper and pH paper is useful to distinguish between ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid?

Explain with reaction why does the lime water turns milky in the reaction of acetic acid with sodium carbonate.

Explain the reaction that would take place when a piece of sodium metal is dropped in ethanoic acid.

Two test tubes contain two colourless liquids ethanol and ethanoic acid. Explain by writing reaction which chemical test you would perform to tell which substance is present in which test tube.

When fat is heated with sodium hydroxide solution, soap and glycerin are formed. Which functional groups might be present in fat and glycerin? What do you think?

What are the chemical names of the nutrients that we get from the food stuffs namely cereals, pulses and meat?

What are the chemical substances that make cloth, furniture and elastic objects?

Structural formulae of some monomers are given below. Write the structural formula of the homopolymer formed from them.

1. \[\begin{array}{cc}
   \phantom{.....}\ce{CH3}\\
   \phantom{}|\\
   \ce{CH2 = C}\phantom{............}\\
   \phantom{}|\\
   \phantom{....}\ce{CH3}
   \end{array}\]
2. \[\begin{array}{cc}
   \phantom{.....}\ce{CH3}\phantom{}\\
   \phantom{}|\\
   \phantom{}\ce{CH2 = C}\phantom{............}\\
   \phantom{}|\\
   \phantom{....}\ce{CH3}
   \end{array}\]

From the given structural formula of polyvinyl acetate, that is used in paints and glues, deduce the name and structural formula of the corresponding monomer.

Match the pairs.

Draw an electron dot structure of the following molecule. (Without showing the circle) :
Methane

Draw an electron dot structure of the following molecule. (Without showing the circle) :
Ethene

Draw an electron dot structure of the following molecule. (Without showing the circle) :
Methanol

Draw an electron dot structure of the following molecule. (Without showing the circle) :
Water

Draw all possible structural formulae of the compound from its molecular formula given below.

C₃H₈

Draw all possible structural formulae of the compound from its molecular formula given below.

C₄H₁₀

Draw all possible structural formulae of the compound from its molecular formula given below.

C₃H₄

Explain the Structural isomerism term with example.

Explain the following term with example.
Covalent bond

Explain the following term with example.
Hetero atom in a carbon compound

Explain the following term with an example.

Functional group

Explain the following term with example.
Alkane

Explain the following term with an example.

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

Explain the following term with example.

Homopolymer

Explain the following term with example.
Monomer

Explain the following term with example.

Reduction

Explain the following term with an example.

Oxidant

Write the IUPAC name of the following structural formulae.
 CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃

Write the IUPAC name of the following structural formulae.
CH₃-CHOH-CH₃

Write the IUPAC name of the following structural formulae.
CH₃-CH₂-COOH

Write the IUPAC name of the following structural formulae.
CH₃-CH₂-NH₂

Write the IUPAC name of the following structural formulae.
CH₃-CHO

Write the IUPAC name of the following structural formulae.
CH₃-CO-CH₂-CH₃

Identify the type of the following reaction of carbon compound.
CH₃ -CH₂ -CH₂-OH → CH₃ -CH₂ -COOH

Identify the type of the following reaction of carbon compound.

\[\ce{CH3 - CH2 - CH3 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O}\] 

Identify the type of the following reaction of carbon compound.
CH₃ -CH = CH -CH₃ + Br₂ → CH₃ -CHBr - CHBr -CH₃

Identify the type of the following reaction of carbon compound.
CH₃ -CH₃ + Cl₂ → CH₃ -CH₂ -Cl + HCl

Identify the type of the following reaction of carbon compound.
 CH₃ -CH₂ -CH₂ -CH₂ -OH → CH₃ -CH₂ -CH=CH₂ + H₂O

Identify the type of the following reaction of carbon compound.
CH₃ -CH₂ -COOH + NaOH → CH₃ -CH₂ -COO - Na⁺ + H₂O

Identify the type of the following reaction of carbon compound.
CH₃ -COOH + CH₃ -OH → CH₃ -COO- CH₃ + H₂O

Write structural formulae for the following IUPAC name.
pent-2-one

Write the structural formula for the following IUPAC name.

2-chlorobutane

Write structural formulae for the following IUPAC name.
propan- 2 ol

Write structural formulae for the following IUPAC name.
methanal

Write structural formulae for the following IUPAC name.
butanoic acid

Write structural formulae for the following IUPAC name.
1- bromopropane

Write structural formulae for the following IUPAC name.
ethanamine

Write structural formulae for the following IUPAC name.
butanone

Write answer as directed.
What causes the existance of very large number of carbon compound ?

Write answer as directed.
Saturated hydrocarbons are classified into three types. Write these names giving one example each.

Write answer as directed.
Give any four functional groups containing oxygen as the heteroatom in it. Write name and structural formula of one example each.

Give names of three functional groups containing three different hetero atoms. Write name and structural formula of one example each.

Write answer as directed.
Give names of three natural polymers. Write the place of their occurance and names of monomers from which they are formed.

Write the answer as directed.

What is meant by vinegar?

What is gasohol?

Write the answer as directed.

What are the uses of vinegar?

Write the answer as directed.

What are the uses of gasohol?

Write the answer as directed.

What is a catalyst?

Write any one reaction which is brought about by use of catalyst?