Biology 57-1-1 2025-2026 Science (English Medium) Class 12 Question Paper Solution

Identify the plant in which emasculation is not required for artificial hybridization.

Rice

Wheat

Pea

Papaya

Which of the following is not a component of immune system?

Lymphocytes

Plasma Proteins

Red Blood Cells

Bone Marrow

Select the option that shows correct statements:

1. Corpus luteum secretes progesterone.
2. Only FSH attains a peak level in middle of cycle.
3. LH surge induces rupture of graafian follicle.
4. Luteal phase of menstrual cycle is also called proliferative phase.

Only (ii) is correct.

(i) and (iii) are correct.

Only (iv) is correct.

(ii) and (iv) are correct.

Select the mismatched pair:

Mega diversity countries in the world - 12

Genetically different strains of rice in India - Less than 1000

Robert Mays estimation on global species diversity - 7 million species worldwide

Zoological parks - Ex-situ conservation

Pomato was produced by fusing protoplasts of ______.

Tomato and Potato

Pomegranate and Tomato

Pomegranate and Potato

Pomegranate, Potato and Tomato

In an ecosystem, different species occupy different levels and vertical distribution of species is found. This is called ______.

Stratification

Layering

Fragmentation

Population

Which of the following sacred groves is found in Meghalaya?

Jaintia hills

Bastar

Chanda

Sarguja

In the following figure, two ways of pairing of two homologous pairs of chromosomes are shown. Which of the following phenomena is expressed?

Linkage of genes

Independent assortment of genes

Multiple alleles

Incomplete dominance

Match Column - I with Column - II and choose the correct option:

a - i, b - ii, c - iii, d - iv

a - ii, b - v, c - i, d - iii

a - v, b - iv, c - ii, d - i

a - v, b - i, c - iv, d - ii

The idea of use and disuse of organs for evolution of organism was proposed by ______.

Charles Darwin

Thomas Malthus

Hugo De Vries

Lamarck

Which of the following statements about plasmids is incorrect?

Plasmids have the ability to replicate within the bacterial cell.

Their replication is controlled by chromosomal DNA.

They are autonomously replicating circular extra-chromosomal DNA.

They often carry antibiotic resistant genes.

Which connective tissue connects ovary to pelvic wall and uterus?

Tendons

Ligaments

Cartilage

Bone

Assertion (A): The population of melanized moths increased in industrial areas after Industrial Revolution.

Reason (R): In Industrial environment lichen covered trees were replaced by soot-covered trees offering better camouflage to dark coloured moths.

Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation for Assertion (A).

Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation for Assertion (A).

Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Assertion (A): The milk produced by transgenic cow ‘Rosie’ was nutritionally more balanced product for human babies than natural cow milk.

Reason (R): It was human protein enriched milk containing human alpha lactaglobulin.

Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation for Assertion (A).

Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation for Assertion (A).

Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Assertion (A): Flocs are masses of bacteria associated with fungal filaments in secondary treatment of sewage.

Reason (R): Flocs help in digestion of solid waste by anaerobic respiration.

Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation for Assertion (A).

Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation for Assertion (A).

Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Assertion (A): In terrestrial ecosystem much larger fraction of energy flows through grazing food chain.

Reason (R): Grazing food chain may be connected to Detritus food chain at some levels.

Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation for Assertion (A).

Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation for Assertion (A).

Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Define Humoral immune response.

Name any two types of antibodies found to give humoral immune response in humans.

How does a farmer use dormancy of seed to his advantage?

Differentiate between pea seed and castor seed.

Identify the stage of follicle where primary oocyte undergoes first meiotic division.

Also mention the products of this division.

Study the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule that is shown below and answer the questions.

5'-GAATTC-3'

3'-СТТАAG-5'

1. What are such sequences called? Name the enzyme used that recognises such nucleotide sequences.     [1]
2. How do these enzymes function?     [1]

Analyse the following case of sex determination in different organisms:

Males have (XO) sex chromosomes and females have two copies of same sex chromosome (XX).

Identify the type of heterogamety in this case and provide one example.

Analyse the following case of sex determination in different organisms:

Females have two different sex chromosomes (ZW) and males have two copies of same sex chromosome (ZZ).

Identify the type of heterogamety in this case and provide one example.

Differentiate between a DNA and a RNA nucleotide.

Name the two types of bonds present within a single nucleotide.

Given below is a pyramid found in an ecosystem, where each bar represents the standing crop available in the trophic level.

Identify the kind of pyramid and with the help of an example explain the conditions where this kind of pyramid is possible in nature.

Given below is a pyramid found in an ecosystem, where each bar represents the standing crop available in the trophic level.

Write any two limitations of ecological pyramids.

In an ecosystem there was loss of biodiversity due to some project in that area.

How will biodiversity be affected?

In an ecosystem there was loss of biodiversity due to some project in that area.

List two major causes of loss of biodiversity.

Do all pollen grains remain viable for the same length of time? Support your answer with two suitable examples.

How are pollen grains stored in pollen banks?

What is pedigree analysis?

Mention the importance of pedigree analysis in human genetics.

Analyse the following pedigree and write the

1. Pattern of inheritance.     [0.5]
2. Give one example of disease showing such an inheritance pattern.     [0.5]

How is Hardy-Weinberg’s expression “(p² + 2pq + q²) = 1” derived?

List any two factors that can disturb the genetic equilibrium.

Draw a neat diagram of megasporangium of an angiosperm and label any six parts.

Write the scientific name of the source plant and the part from which opiods are extracted. What is it commonly and chemically called?

How are morphine and heroin related?

Mention the effect of morphine and heroin on the human body.

A farmer grew two varieties of corn crop in field A and B. He grew normal corn crops in field A and GM corn crops in field B.

He observed that corn borers attacked only in field A. To control it, spores of Bt were sprayed on field A.

1. Name the gene in the spores responsible for control of pest.     [0.5]
2. What effect will the spores of Bt have on insect pest?     [1.5]
3. How has corn plants of field B developed resistance against this pest? Explain.     [1]

Observe the given picture carefully. A mixture of DNA with fragments ranging from 100 base pairs to 1800 base pairs were separated by electrophoresis on agarose gel with the following arrangement:

1. What result will be obtained in staining with ethidium bromide? Explain with reasons.     [1]
2. The above setup was modified as shown below and a band with 100 base pairs was obtained at X.
   
   What changes were made to the previous design to get a band at ‘X’. Why did the band appear at ‘X’?     [2]

The diagram below shows the distribution of two barnacle species, Chthamalus and Balanus on a rocky sea shore.

When Balanus is experimentally removed, Chthamalus expands its range in lower intertidal zone.

(a) Identify and define the ecological phenomenon demonstrated by this observation.     [1]

OR

(a) State the principle that explains the elimination of one species.     [1]

(b) Two different species can compete for the same resource. Give another example of it.     [1]

(c) How do species avoid competition in nature? Explain with an example.     [2]

A student performed some crosses in plants and represented the result in the form of bar graphs as shown below. Each graph displays the phenotypic proportion of the progeny. Study the graphs and answer the questions:

(a) What can you infer about the genotype of parents in crosses I and II?     [1]

OR

(a) Which genetic cross is represented by these crosses?     [1]

(b) Looking at bar graph of cross III, identify the type of cross performed and its importance in genetics.     [2]

(c) What conclusion can you draw from the results of bar graphs of crosses I and II? Name the genetic principle illustrated.     [1]

Trace the events from fertilization till implantation of blastocyst in human female. Also mention the site where fertilization takes place.

Case studies of some couples are given below. They were not able to have kids even though the parents were not taking any precautions. They also do not wish to adopt a child or take the help of donors. Study these cases and suggest an appropriate Assisted Reproductive Technology that could help them.

1. Case I: Female - Normal Reports
   Male - Normal sperms but no connection between epididymis and vas deferens.     [1]
2. Case II: Female - Normal eggs but Fallopian tube blocked.
   Male - Normal sperms. Male reports are normal.     [1]
3. Case III: Female - Normal Reports.
   Male - Low sperm count with less motility.     [1]

Copper releasing intrauterine devices are very effective and popular contraceptive devices. Name any two copper releasing IUDs. Write two reasons that make them effective contraceptives.

Watson and Crick’s discovery of double helical structure was based on which two findings. Also mention the name of the scientists associated with these findings.

Write down the salient features of double helix structure of DNA.

Given below is a stretch of DNA showing the coding strand of a structural gene of a transcription unit?

5’-ATG ACC GTA TTT TCT GTA GTG CCC GTA CTT CAG GCA TAA-3’

1. Write the corresponding template strand and the mRNA strand that will be transcribed, along with its polarity.
2. If GUA of the transcribed mRNA is an intron, depict the sequence involved in the formation of mRNA/the mature processed hnRNA strand.
   i. In a bacterium
   ii. In humans
3. Upon translation, how many amino acids will the resulting polypeptide have? Justify.

1. Name the protozoan species that is responsible for causing the most serious and even fatal malerial disease.     [0.5]
2. Name the host in which the parasite completes its sexual stages and explain the changes taking place.     [2]
3. How does the parasite damage the human body after entering the blood stream?     [1.5]
4. Suggest two effective preventive measures to control the spread of this disease in endemic regions.     [1]

What are biofertilizers?

Name the different types of microorganisms used as bio-fertilizers in organic farming and explain how each contributes to soil fertility. 

Write two advantages of using bio-fertilizers over chemical fertilizers.