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प्रश्न
You already know the two literary devices generally used by writers and poets for comparison, i.e. metaphor and simile.
e.g. a) He was a lion in the battle, (metaphor)
b) He fought like a lion, (simile)
In (a) the writer talks of the soldier in terms of a lion. The comparison is implied.
In (b) the writer compares the soldier to a lion with the use of the word like, (as may also be used for such comparisons.)
Read the poem again and note down the metaphors and similes. Complete the following chart.
| Reference | Metaphor | Simile |
| world | all the world's a stage | |
| men, women | ||
| school-boy | ||
| lover | ||
| soldier | ||
| reputation | ||
| voice |
Which comparison(s) do you find most interesting? Why?
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उत्तर
The metaphor of‘stage’ is quite interesting. Men and women are merely players. The simile describing the lover sighing like a furnace is quite apt and logical. So is the metaphor ‘bubble reputation’. It shows the transitory nature of honour or reputation the soldier is seeking. The metaphor ‘childish treble’ highlights the high-pitched sounds created when the ‘old pantaloon’ speaks.
| Item | Metaphor | Simile |
| world | all the world’s a stage | |
| men | merely players | |
| women | ||
| schoolboy | whining schoolboy | creeping like a snail |
| lover | Sighing like a furnace | |
| soldier | bearded like the pard | |
| reputation | Seeking the bubble reputation | |
| voice | Turning again toward childish treble, pipes And whistles in his sound |
APPEARS IN
संबंधित प्रश्न
Answer the following questions:
Why has the word ‘chatter’ been repeated in the poem?
Wordsworth was so moved by this experience that later he wrote this poem as a
recollection of a memory. Think back in your own life and try to recall an
experience that affected you greatly and left a deep impression on you. Then
write a poem for your school magazine in which you describe that experience
and its impact.
Explain the meaning of the following.
a) ... all the men and women merely players:
They have their exits and their entrances...
b) And then the lover,
Sighing like furnace...
c) a soldier,
... Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannon's mouth.
Answer the following question.
With reference to the poem, how can you look after your teeth?
Read the following extracts and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct options.
But the sign has been hanging on the gate for over a month now and I am beginning to
be afraid that the day I bought it was when I was the real fool.
a) Why is Juliette disappointed?
(i) she is unable to get a role of cook in the films.
(ii) her maid is leaving as she has got a role in the films.
(iii) she is unable to find a suitable buyer for her villa.
(iv) Gaston is offering a very low price for the villa.
b) Why does she call herself a fool?
(i) she has decided to sell her villa.
(ii) there are no buyers for the villa.
(iii) she had bought the villa for more than it was worth.
(iv) the villa was too close to the film studios.
Read the following extracts and answer the question that follow by choosing the correct options.
'But your parents would take possession of it, every year from the beginning of spring
until the end of September. What's more they would bring the whole tribe of your sister's
children with them.'
(a) What does Gaston mean by 'take possession'?
(i) her parents would stay with them for a long time.
(ii) Juliette's sister has many children.
(iii) Gaston does not like children.
(iv) Juliette's sister's children are badly behaved.
The term irony refers to a discrepancy, or disagreement, of some sort. The
discrepancy can be between what someone says and what he or she really
means. on verbal irony. The discrepancy can be between a situation that one
would logically anticipate or that would seem appropriate and the situation that
actually develops or situational irony. The discrepancy can even be between the
facts known to a character and the facts known to us, the readers or audience or
dramatic irony.
Working in groups of four complete the following table. Find instances of irony from the play
and justify them.
| Extract | Justification |
| I believe you want to convert me; save my soul, don’t you call it? Well, it’s no good………. see? I don’t want any damned religion. ● ________________________________ ●_________________________________ |
Later, the convict says, “its a queer thing to ask, but-could you, would you bless me before I go.” ●______________________________ ●______________________________ |
| ● Why the devil do you leave the window unshuttered and the door unbarred so that anyone can come in? ’ ●__________________________________ ●__________________________________ |
If the door had been barred the convict couldn’t have entered the house. ______________________________ ●______________________________ |
| ● My mother gave them to me on………………………. on her death bed just after you were bom, and…………….. and she asked me to keep them in remembrance of her, so I would like to keep them. ● _______________________________ ● _______________________________ |
Later he hands the convict the candlesticks and tells him to start a new life. ● _________________________ ● __________________________ |
The news
(a) Narendra Singh – broke record – long jump – regional meet – Principal sent congratulations – also President Youth Federation
(b) Narendra Singh from St. Michael’s School has broken the regional long jump record. The principal of St. Michael’s has sent his congratulations. Best wishes have also come from the President of the Youth Federation.
_________________________________________
Exchange notes with your partner. Read out your partner’s information as a news broad¬cast. Use the present perfect tense to report I express actions completed in the recent past but whose effect still remains.
Use your imagination to make the news item sound exciting
Another technique adopted by the writer is to use figures of speech such as a simile. A simile is used to express similarity between two things. e.g. He is as fast as lightning. The rain/ell heavily on the metal roof like a machine-gun. Similes usually start with 'like' or 'as'.
Find two similes in the last section of the story.
The residents of Kanpur decide to approach the Chairman of the Municipal Steps which can be taken problem of pollution in their city. In groups of six, play the role of the following : (Cue cards may be given by the teacher)
• A farmer
• An environmentalist
• Chairman of the Municipal Corporation
• President of 'Save the Ganga Project'
• A Human rights activist
Why do you use the determiners? Match the determiners with their uses, using the clues given below:
- their; his; her; your;____ _________
- a few; a little; some;____ _________
- any ____ _________
- this; these; other___ _________
- two____ _________
Answer the following question by ticking the correct option :
What was the tiger's counter-argument?
In pairs discuss the qualities and characteristics of the tiger and man. Complete the web charts. 
Rearrange the following words and phrases to form meaningful sentences.
- of the owner / a computer virus / that can / infect a / computer / is a program / without the knowledge
- can spread / or even a CD / a true virus / through the Internet / or a USB drive
- infect / viruses / file system / the network / the host files / corrupting / of
- install / anti-virus / many users / known viruses / software that / can detect and eliminate
Massive poaching in the past two years has wiped out the entire tiger population at one of the tiger reserves in India,' claims an investigation report.
Study the information in 7 and 8 and notice how the number of tigers are falling. Using the information, write a paragraph in about 150 words on Project Tiger.
Look at sentences in Column A. Match them with the appropriate explanation in Column B.
| A | B |
| 1. Next Friday is the 29th of May. |
a. emphasizing that something will happen very soon |
| 2. I’ll have left by the time you get here. |
b. making a promise |
| 3. I’m visiting my uncle on Sunday. |
c. predicting that something will be true at a given time in the future |
| 4. I’ll send the photographs as soon as I can. |
d. stating something which is a certainty |
| 5. The lesson is about to start… hurry! |
e. reporting a decision made earlier |
| 6. The population of our country will increase in the next ten years. |
f. making a prediction about future events |
What are the ten different ways in which you can use a ruler other than its regular use? List your answer below.
e.g. You can use it to dig holes.
Fill in the empty bubbles in Column C with reports of what was said in Column A, as in the box given above.
Work in pairs. Put one pencil on a point on the map where you live, and put another pencil on any other point. Ask your partner to tell the direction for getting to your house.
Prepositions of time
| after | at | before | between |
| by | during | for | from |
| on | past | since | throughout |
| to | towards | until | within |
Verbs and Prepositions
Fill in the gaps with suitable prepositions
- You’re right. I agree __________ you.
- The conclusions are based __________ extensive research.
- He arrived __________ Delhi airport at 2 am and then arrived the city at 4 am.
- He angrily shouted __________ the pupil.
- “Remember the party!” she shouted __________ her friend.
- A differs __________ B in a number of ways.
- He applied __________ the teaching job but was turned down.
- She replied __________ his last letter.
- They apologized __________ breaking the vase.
- Do you believe __________ ghosts?
