Topics
Human Geography - Nature and Scope
- Introduction to Human Geography
- Nature of Human Geography
- Fields and Sub-fields of Human Geography
- Overview of Human Geography - Nature and Scope
Unit I
Data – Its Source and Compilation
- What is Data?
- Need of Data
- Presentation of Data
- Sources of Data
- Sources of Data - Primary
- Sources of Data - Secondary
- Tabulation and Classification of Data
- Data Compilation and Presentation
- Processing of Data
- Grouping of Data
- Process of Classification
- Overview of Data – Its Source and Compilation
Population Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition
Human Settlements
The World Population Density, Distribution and Growth
- Population Distribution in the World
- Density of Population
- Factors Influencing the Distribution of the Population
- Population Growth and Growth Measures
- Components of Population Change
- Demographic Transition
- Population Control Measures
Unit II
Data Processing
- Mode
- Comparison of Mean, Median and Mode
- Methods of Measuring Dispersion
- Rank Correlation
- Direction of Correlation
- Method of Calculating Correlation
- Degree of Correlation
- Overview of Data Processing
Human Development
- Growth and Development
- Concept of Human Development
- Approaches of Human Development
- Measuring Human Development
- International Comparisons of Human Development
Unit III
Land Resources and Agriculture
Graphical Representation of Data
- General Rules for Drawing Graphs, Diagram and Maps
- Construction of Diagrams
- Classification of Thematic Maps Based on Method of Construction
- Overview of Graphical Representation of Data
Water Resources
Spatial Information Technology
- Spatial Information Technology
- Geographical Information System (GIS)
- Advantage of GIS Over Manual Methods
- Components of GIS
- Spatial Data Formats
- Sequences of GIS Activities
- Overview of Spatial Information Technology
Primary Activities
- Hunting and Gathering
- Pastoralism
- Agricultural Systems
- Mining
Map Work (Based on identification of features on World Political Map)
Unit I
Mineral and Energy Resources
Secondary Activities
Tertiary and Quaternary Activities
Unit II
Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Transport, Communication and Trade
Unit III
Transport and Communication
International Trade
International Trade
Unit IV
Unit V
Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems
Map Work (Based on locating and labelling on a political map of India)
Geography Practical II
Practical Record Book and Viva Voce
Estimated time: 27 minutes
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Spatial Information Technology (SIT) & GIS
- Spatial means anything related to space and location, like features spread over the Earth’s surface.
- Many modern data have a spatial component, such as addresses, land boundaries, and facility locations.
- Spatial Information Technology is used to collect, store, analyse, manage and display spatial data using technology.
- It is a combination of Remote Sensing, GPS, GIS, Digital Cartography and Database Management Systems.
- GIS (Geographical Information System) is a computer-based system that helps in capturing, storing, checking, analysing and displaying Earth-related spatial data.
- GIS works with two types of data:
i. Spatial data (location, shape, area)
ii. Non-spatial/attribute data (information about the feature) - Spatial data in GIS can be obtained by digital data suppliers, digitising maps, or conducting surveys, and the choice depends on application, budget, and data type (vector/raster).
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Advantages of GIS over Manual Methods
- Traditional maps have limitations as they show fixed themes and cannot be easily changed without drawing a new map.
- GIS stores data separately (spatial and attribute data), allowing flexible analysis and presentation.
- Users can query spatial features and retrieve related attribute information for better analysis.
- GIS allows creation of new maps by analysing and processing stored data.
- It can perform spatial operations like overlay and buffering, and link different data using shared location codes.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Components of GIS
- GIS has five main components: Hardware, Software, Data, People, and Procedures.
- Hardware includes computers and devices used for data processing, storage, input, display and output.
- Software helps in data entry, editing, analysis, transformation, display and output of spatial information.
- Data (spatial and tabular) is the backbone of GIS; digital maps and databases are essential inputs.
- People and Procedures ensure proper data collection, management, analysis and decision-making using GIS.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Raster and Vector Data Format
- Raster format is mainly used for aerial photos, satellite images, scanned maps and backdrop maps.
- Raster is useful when cost is low and detailed analysis of individual features is not required.
- Vector format represents features using coordinates (X, Y, Z) and stores points, lines and polygons.
- Vector data is suitable for high accuracy mapping, smaller file size, and analysis of specific map features.
- Vector format can store topology and descriptive information, and manual digitising is the best input method.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Comparison of Raster and Vector Data Formats
| Raster Model | Vector Model |
|---|---|
| Advantages | Advantages |
| Simple structure | Compact structure |
| Easy overlay | Good for network analysis |
| Works with satellite images | Accurate maps |
| Represents high variability well | Efficient projection |
| Disadvantages | Disadvantages |
| Needs more storage | Complex structure |
| Less accurate shapes | Difficult overlay |
| Weak in network analysis | Not suitable for satellite images |
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Sequence of GIS A ce of GIS Ace of GIS Activities ctivities
- Sequence of GIS Activities: GIS work involves spatial data input, entering attribute data, data verification and editing, linking spatial and attribute data, and finally spatial analysis.
- Sources of Spatial Data: Spatial data can be obtained from digital data suppliers or created manually through digitisation and scanning. Data compatibility (scale, projection, quality) must be checked before use.
- Manual Data Input: Manual input includes entering spatial and attribute data, verifying and editing them, and linking both types of data. Methods depend on whether the system uses raster or vector format.
- Digitisation and Scanning: Digitisation converts maps into coordinate-based data, while scanners convert analogue maps into digital raster images for GIS use.
- Data Processing and Cleaning: Scanned images may contain errors or unwanted marks, so extra data must be cleaned and processed before analysis in GIS.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Entering the Attribute Data
- Attribute data gives non-spatial information about a feature (e.g., road width, surface type, traffic rules), while the road shape is stored as spatial data.
- Attribute data can be stored separately in relational databases or along with spatial data in object-oriented databases.
- Attribute data can be collected from census reports, surveys, spreadsheets, and published records, and entered manually or imported.
- Data verification and editing is important to remove errors and improve accuracy in GIS data.
- Common digitisation errors include missing data (omissions) and under-shoots or over-shoots in lines.
- Errors may also occur due to wrong scale, distortion of maps, or incorrect geo-referencing, especially in aerial photos and old folded maps.
- Data conversion is needed because all layers must be in the same format (vector or raster); conversion is usually vector to raster for analysis, but raster to vector is used to reduce storage.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Geographic Data : Linkages and Matching
- Linking spatial data with attribute data is very important in GIS, because wrong linking can create confusion in analysis.
- GIS helps in combining different data files (e.g., population data and mortality data) to calculate required results.
- Exact matching is done when two files have the same common key (like town name) and records are joined easily.
- Hierarchical matching is used when data is collected at different levels (small areas inside bigger areas) and small data is added to match larger units.
- Fuzzy matching is used when boundaries of two datasets do not match (e.g., soil boundary and crop boundary), so overlay method is used for analysis.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Spatial Analysis
- GIS is powerful because of its spatial analysis ability, which makes it different from other information systems.
- Spatial analysis uses both spatial (location) and non-spatial (attribute) data to answer real-world questions.
- The main aim of spatial analysis is to convert raw data into useful information for decision-making.
- Before doing analysis, it is necessary to identify the problem and define the purpose clearly.
- Important GIS spatial analysis methods include overlay analysis, buffer analysis, network analysis, and digital terrain model (DTM).
- Overlay analysis combines two or more thematic map layers of the same area to produce a new map, useful for land use change and suitability studies.
- Buffer analysis creates a zone around a point/line/area feature to study nearby affected or benefited areas, such as hospital access or pollution impact.
