Topics
Introducing Indian Society (Not for evaluation)
Indian Society
Social Change and Development in India
The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society
- Introduction to the Demographic Structure of the Indian Society
- Some Theories and Concepts in Demography
- Size and Growth of India’s Population
- Age Structure of the Indian Population
- The Declining Sex-ratio in India
- Literacy
- Rural-urban Differences
- Population Policy in India
- Overview of Demographic Structure and Indian Society
Social Institutions : Continuity and Change
- Introduction to Social Institutions - Continuity and Change
- Caste and the Caste System
- The Tribal Community in India
- Family and Kinship
- Overview of Social Institutions - Continuity and Change
The Story of Indian Democracy
- Introduction to the Story of Indian Democracy
- The Indian Constitution
- The Panchayati Raj and the Challenges of Rural Social Transformation
- Political Parties, Pressure Groups and Democratic Politics
Market as a Social Institution
- Introduction to the Market as a Social Institution
- Sociological Perspectives on Markets and the Economy
- Understanding Capitalism as a Social System
- Globalisation – Interlinking of Local, Regional, National and International Markets
- Overview of Market as a Social Institution
Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion
- Introduction to Pattern of Social Inquality and Exclusion
- What is Social About Social Inequality and Exclusion?
- Caste and Tribe – Systems Justifying and Perpetuating Inequality
- Struggle for Women’s Equality and Rights
- The Struggles of the Disabled
- Overview of Pattern of Social Inequality and Exclusion
The Challenges of Cultural Diversity
- Introduction to the Challenges of Cultural Diversity
- Cultural Communities and the Nation-state
- Regionalism in the Indian Context
- The Nation-state and Religion-related Issues and Identities
- State and Civil Society
- Overview of The Challenges of Cultural Diversity
Suggestions for Project Work (Not for evaluation)
- Variety of Methods
- Possible Themes and Subjects for Small Research Projects
Globalisation and Social Change
- Introduction to Globalisation and Social Change
- Are Global Interconnections New to World and to India
- Overview of Globalisation and Social Change
Structural Change
- Introduction to Structural Change
- Understanding Colonialism
- Urbanisation and Industrialisation
- Overview of Structural Change
Mass Media and Communication Process
- Introduction to Mass Media and Communication Process
- The Beginnings of Modern Mass Media
- Mass Media in Independent India
- Globalisation and the Media
- Overview of Mass Media and Communication Process
Cultural Change
- Effects of Colonialisation in India
- Social Reform Movements in the 19th and Early 20th Century
- How Do We Approach the Study of Sanskritisation, Modernisation, Secularisation and Westernisation
- Different Kinds of Social Change
- Overview of Cultural Change
Change and Development in Rural Society
- Agrarian Structure: Caste and Class in Rural India
- The Impact of Land Reforms
- The Green Revolution and Its Social Consequences
- Rural Development in India (Sociological Perspective)
- Circulation of Labour
- Globalisation, Liberalisation, and Rural Society
- Overview of Change and Development in Rural Society
Change and Development in Industrial Society
- Introduction to Change and Development in Industrial Society
- Images of Industrial Society
- Industrialisation in India
- How People Find Jobs
- How is Work Carried Out?
- Working Conditions
- Home-based Work
- Strikes and Unions
- Overview of Change and Development in Industrial Society
Social Movements
- Introduction to Social Movements
- Features of a Social Movement
- Sociology and Social Movements
- Types of Social Movements
- Ecological Movements
- Class Based Movements
- Caste Based Movements
- The Tribal Movements
- Womens’ Movement in India
- Overview of Social Movements
Estimated time: 37 minutes
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Introduction of Mass media
- Mass media reaches a large number of people at the same time.
- It plays an important role in spreading information, news and ideas.
- Media is influenced by social, economic and political conditions.
- The state and the market strongly shape the structure and content of mass media.
- Access to mass media is unequal, leading to a digital divide between different social groups.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: The Beginnings of Modern Mass Media
- The printing press was developed by Johann Gutenberg in 1440, marking the beginning of modern mass media.
- Early printing was limited to religious books, but later expanded to newspapers and journals.
- With the Industrial Revolution, improvements in transport, literacy and technology increased newspaper circulation.
- Newspapers helped people across regions feel connected, creating a sense of national unity (Benedict Anderson’s idea of imagined community).
- In India, the nationalist press played a crucial role in spreading anti-colonial ideas, though it faced censorship under British rule.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Mass Media in Independent India> Radio
- Radio broadcasting in India began in the 1920s and expanded rapidly after Independence through All India Radio (AIR).
- AIR played an important role in nation-building by spreading news, development programmes and public awareness.
- Radio helped farmers by broadcasting information about agriculture, especially during the Green Revolution.
- The transistor revolution made radio cheap, portable and accessible to rural and poor households.
- Radio reaches diverse audiences across languages and regions, making it one of the most inclusive media forms.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Mass Media in Independent India> Television
- Television was introduced in India in 1959 mainly to support education and rural development.
- Doordarshan expanded TV broadcasting across the country from the 1970s.
- The introduction of satellite and colour television led to rapid growth and commercialisation.
- TV programmes include news, education, entertainment, farmers’ programmes and advertisements.
- Today, India has one of the largest television markets in the world, with cable, DTH and IPTV services.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Mass Media in Independent India> Print Media
- Print media played a key role in the freedom struggle by spreading nationalist ideas and public opinion.
- After Independence, it helped in nation-building by highlighting development issues and social problems.
- It provided a platform for social reform movements and gave voice to common people.
- During the Emergency (1975), censorship showed the importance of a free and independent press.
- Over time, journalism shifted from a social service to a professional and commercial enterprise.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Globalisation and the Media> Print Media
- Print media did not decline with TV and Internet; it expanded.
- Major growth seen in Indian language newspapers.
- Reasons: Rise in literacy and urban migration, Strong rural readership, Use of local news, simple language, and supplements.
- Hindi, Telugu, Kannada newspapers showed maximum growth.
- English newspapers’ readership grew slowly but remained influential.
- Newspapers reduced prices and depended more on advertisements.
- Modern print media needs large capital, organisation, and marketing.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Globalisation and the Media> Television
- Television in India began with Doordarshan, a state-controlled channel.
- In the 1990s, private satellite TV channels grew rapidly.
- Channels like Star TV, Zee TV, Sony changed Indian TV viewing.
- TV programmes became commercialised and advertisement-driven.
- Many channels adopted localisation by using Indian languages.
- TV now offers news, serials, reality shows, sports and films.
- Television has made information and entertainment more accessible and immediate.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Globalisation and the Media> Radio
- By 2000, All India Radio (AIR) reached about two-thirds of Indian households in 24 languages and 146 dialects.
- The entry of private FM radio stations (from 2002) increased entertainment-based programmes.
- Private FM channels cannot broadcast political news; they mainly focus on music and popular shows.
- Radio remains popular among youth and urban listeners because it is cheap and easily accessible.
- FM radio has strong potential for local culture, community radio, and local news, especially in villages.
