Topics
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants
- Pre-fertilization in Plant: Structure and Events
- Post Fertilisation in Plant: Structures and Events
Classical Genetics
- Terminology Related to Mendelism
- Mendel’s analytical and empirical approach
- Extensions of Mendelian Genetics (Deviation from Mendelism)
- Intragenic Gene Interactions
- Lethal Genes
- Intergenic Gene Interactions
- Extra Chromosomal Inheritance or Extra Nuclear Inheritance (Cytoplasmic Inheritance)
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
- Linkage
Principles and Processes of Biotechnology
- Development of Biotechnology
- Method of Biotechnology
- Advancements in Modern Biotechnology
- Tools for Genetic Engineering
- Methods of Gene Transfer
- Screening for Recombinants
- Transgenic Plants / Genetically Modified Crops (Gm Crops)
- Crop Biotechnology > Hybrid Seeds
Plant Tissue Culture
- Plant Tissue Culture (PTC)
- Plant Regeneration Pathway
- Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources
- Intellectual Property Right (IPR)
- Future of Biotechnology
Principles of Ecology
- Ecological Factors
- Ecological Adaptations
- Dispersal of Fruits and Seeds
Ecosystem
- Plant Succession
Environmental Issues
- Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
- Forestry
- Afforestation
- Alien Invasive Species
- Conservation
- Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
- Rain Water Harvesting – RWH (Solution to Water Crisis – a Ecological Problem)
- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
- Geographic Information System (GIS)
Plant Breeding
- Relationship Between Humans and Plants
- Domestication of Plants
- History of Agriculture
- Organic Agriculture
- Conventional Plant Breeding Methods
- Modern Plant Breeding
Economically Useful Plants and Entrepreneurial Botany
- Food Plants
- Spices and Condiments
- Fibres
- Timber
- Latex
- Pulp Wood
- Dye
- Cosmetics
- Traditional Systems of Medicines
- Medicinal Plants
- Entrepreneurial Botany
Reproduction in Organisms
Human Reproduction
- Maintenance of Pregnancy and Embryonic Development
Reproductive Health
- Social Impact of Sex Ratio, Female Foeticide and Infanticide
- Population Explosion in India
- Detection of Foetal Disorders During Early Pregnancy
Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Genetic Control of Rh Factor
- Karyotyping
Molecular Genetics
- Gene as the Functional Unit of Inheritance
- Chemistry of Nucleic Acids
Evolution
Human Health and Diseases
- Common Diseases in Human Beings
- Maintenance of Personal and Public Hygiene
- Basic Concepts of Immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases
- Mental Health – Depression
Microbes in Human Welfare
- Bioremediation
Applications of Biotechnology
- Biological Products and Their Uses
Organisms and Populations
- Concept of Biome and Their Distribution
- Responses to Abiotic Factors
- Adaptations and Its Types
Biodiversity and Its Conservation
- Biogeographical Regions of India
- Threats to Biodiversity
- Causes of Biodiversity Loss
- IUCN
Environmental Issues
- Biomagnification
- Types of Farming in India > Organic Farming
Notes
Extensions of Mendelian Genetics:
Apart from monohybrid, dihybrid and trihybrid crosses, there are exceptions to Mendelian principles, i.e. the occurrence of different phenotypic ratios. The more complex patterns of inheritance are the extensions of Mendelian Genetics. There are examples where phenotype of the organism is the result of the interactions among genes.
Gene interaction - A single phenotype is controlled by more than one set of genes, each of which has two or more alleles. This phenomenon is called Gene Interaction. Many characteristics of the organism including structural and chemical which constitute the phenotype are the result of interaction between two or more genes.
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Gene Interaction |
Mendelian experiments prove that a single gene controls one character. But in the post-Mendelian findings, various exceptions have been noticed, in which different types of interactions are possible between the genes. This gene interaction concept was introduced and explained by W. Bateson. This concept is otherwise known as the Factor hypothesis or Bateson’s factor hypothesis. According to Bateson’s factor hypothesis, the gene interactions can be classified as
- Intragenic gene interactions or Intra allelic or allelic interactions
- Intergenic gene interactions or inter allelic or non-allelic interactions
