Question

“While the USA has a two tier judicial system, India has a single integrated judicial system.” Explain with reference to the features of the Judiciary in the USA.

Answer 1

The United States has a two-tier court system, which is a distinct element of its federal structure. This means that there are two different and independent court systems: one at the federal level and another at the state level.

Following are the features of the Judiciary in the USA:

1. Federal Judicial System: The federal courts include the U.S. Supreme Court, Courts of Appeals, and District Courts. These courts handle cases involving:
   • Federal laws
   • The U.S. Constitution
   • Disputes between states or between a state and the federal government
2. State Judicial Systems: Each of the 50 states has its own independent judiciary, which applies and interprets state laws. These systems include their own trial courts, appellate courts, and often a State Supreme Court.
3. Separate Jurisdiction:
   • Federal courts deal with federal matters.
   • State courts deal with state matters.
   • Their jurisdictions are distinct, although sometimes they may overlap in cases involving both federal and state laws.
4. No Hierarchical Integration:
   • State courts are not subordinate to federal courts.
   • A decision of a state supreme court can only be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court if a federal constitutional question is involved.