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Question
Answer the following question in 200-250 words:
How did Kitty help Anne overcome her loneliness?
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Solution
Isolation and loneliness are all-pervasive in the lives of the annex members, especially young adults like Anne, Peter and Margot for whom it characterized their formative years. The loneliness of human existence, the solitary struggle of every individual to live from day to day and acute alienation felt by them were doubled for them by the vendetta against them on the grounds of ethnicity. Anne’s overpowering loneliness makes her realize that one could be lonely even when surrounded by the people they loved. She felt distanced from the rest of her family and unable to communicate even though they were supportive and caring. She developed an intense and compelling need for solitary existence which stemmed from the fact that being in the company brought on paradoxical loneliness. This sense of alienation manifested itself because people were too caught up in their own troubles to be responsive towards others. Peter was a departure from that acute loneliness she suffered, his company was conducive to her temperament and they both ended up confiding in each other. Her diary, Kitty, was like a friend to her, one to whom she could unburden the most intimate thoughts of her heart without being censured. The writings are in the mode of frank and intimate conversations with a dear friend. The diary was like Anne's secret confidante with whom she not only shared the daily occurrences of her life but also her innermost thoughts and feelings.
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The Great Desert Where Hippos Once Wallowed
The Sahara sets a standard for dry land. It’s the world’s largest desert. Relative humidity can drop into the low single digits. There are places where it rains only about once a century. There are people who reach the end of their lives without ever seeing water come from the sky.
Yet beneath the Sahara are vast aquifers of fresh water, enough liquid to fill a small sea. It is fossil water, a treasure laid down in prehistoric times, some of it possibly a million years old. Just 6,000 years ago, the Sahara was a much different place.
It was green. Prehistoric rock art in the Sahara shows something surprising: hippopotamuses, which need year-round water.
“We don’t have much evidence of a tropical paradise out there, but we had something perfectly liveable,” says Jennifer Smith, a geologist at Washington University in St Louis.
The green Sahara was the product of the migration of the paleo-monsoon. In the same way that ice ages come and go, so too do monsoons migrate north and south. The dynamics of earth’s motion are responsible. The tilt of the earth’s axis varies in a regular cycle — sometimes the planet is more tilted towards the sun, sometimes less so. The axis also wobbles like a spinning top. The date of the earth’s perihelion — its closest approach to the sun — varies in cycle as well.
At times when the Northern Hemisphere tilts sharply towards the sun and the planet makes its closest approach, the increased blast of sunlight during the north’s summer months can cause the African monsoon (which currently occurs between the Equator and roughly 17°N latitude) to shift to the north as it did 10,000 years ago, inundating North Africa.
Around 5,000 years ago the monsoon shifted dramatically southward again. The prehistoric inhabitants of the Sahara discovered that their relatively green surroundings were undergoing something worse than a drought (and perhaps they migrated towards the Nile Valley, where Egyptian culture began to flourish at around the same time).
“We’re learning, and only in recent years, that some climate changes in the past have been as rapid as anything underway today,” says Robert Giegengack, a University of Pennsylvania geologist.
As the land dried out and vegetation decreased, the soil lost its ability to hold water when it did rain. Fewer clouds formed from evaporation. When it rained, the water washed away and evaporated quickly. There was a kind of runaway drying effect. By 4,000 years ago the Sahara had become what it is today.
No one knows how human-driven climate change may alter the Sahara in the future. It’s something scientists can ponder while sipping bottled fossil water pumped from underground.
“It’s the best water in Egypt,” Giegengack said — clean, refreshing mineral water. If you want to drink something good, try the ancient buried treasure of the Sahara.
Staff Writer, Washington Post
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