Question

(A): The social reformers launched a crusade against socio-religious evils prevalent in Indian society in the 19th century.

(R): Many newspapers and magazines in vernacular languages were launched.

Options

• (R) contradicts (A).

• (R) is the reason for (A).

• (A) is true but (R) is false.

• (A) and (R) are independent of each other.

Answer 1

(A) and (R) are independent of each other.

Explanation:

• (A) is true: 19th‑century socio‑religious reformers (Raja Rammohan Roy, Dayanand, Vivekananda, Jyotiba Phule, etc.) did launch crusades against social and religious evils; their motive grew largely out of the impact of Western education and a rational, humanitarian approach.
• (R) is also true: many newspapers and magazines in vernacular languages were launched and the vernacular press played an important role in arousing public opinion and nationalism.