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Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary EducationHSC Commerce Class 12

Commerce HSC Commerce Class 12 Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Syllabus 2025-26

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Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 12 Commerce Syllabus - Free PDF Download

Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Syllabus 2025-26 Class 12: The Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 12 Commerce Syllabus for the examination year 2025-26 has been released by the Tamil Nadu Board, Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education. The board will hold the final examination at the end of the year following the annual assessment scheme, which has led to the release of the syllabus. The 2025-26 Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 12 Commerce Board Exam will entirely be based on the most recent syllabus. Therefore, students must thoroughly understand the new Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education syllabus to prepare for their annual exam properly.

The detailed Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 12 Commerce Syllabus for 2025-26 is below.

Academic year:
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Syllabus

1 Principles of Management
  • Concept of Management  
    • Introduction
    • Definition: Management
    • Importance
    • Functions
    • Comparison: Traditional vs Modern Management
    • Key Point Summary
  • Management is Differ from Administration  
  • Management Process  
    • There are twin purposes of the management process
    1. Management is Co-Ordination
    2. Management is a Process
    3. Management is a Purposive Process
    4. Management is a Social Process
    5. Management is a Cyclical Process
  • Frederick Winslow Taylor's Scientific Management Theory  
    • Introduction 

    • Principles of Scientific Management 

    • Techniques of Scientific Management 

  • Span of Management  
  • Concept of Management Principles  
    • Introduction
    • Définition
2 Functions of Management
  • Main Functions  
    • Planning 
    • Organising
    • Staffing
    • Directing
    • Controlling 
    • Co-ordination
    • Motivating
  • Subsidiary Functions  
    • Innovation
    • Representation
    • Decision-making
    • Communication
3 Management by Objectives (MBO) and Management by Exception (MBE)
  • Meaning and Definition of Management by Objectives (MBO)  
  • Objectives of MBO  
  • Features of MBO  
  • Process of MBO  
    • Defining Organisational Objectives
    • Goals of Each Section
    • Fixing Key Result Areas
    • Setting Subordinate Objectives or Targets
    • Matching Resources with Objective
    • Periodical Review Meetings
    • Appraisal of Activities
    • Reappraisal of Objectives
  • Advantages of MBO  
  • Disadvantages of MBO  
  • Meaning of MBE  
  • Process of MBE  
  • Advantages of MBE  
  • Disadvantages of MBE  
4 Introduction to Financial Markets
  • Meaning and Definition of Financial Market  
  • Scope of Indian Financial Market  
  • Types of Financial Markets  
    • capital market
    • money market
    • On the Basis of Type of Financial Claim
    • On the Basis of Maturity of Financial Claim
    • On the Basis of Time of Issue of Financial Claim
    • On the Basis of Timing of Delivery of Financial Claim
    • On the Basis of the Organizational Structure of the Financial Market
  • Role of Financial Market  
    • Savings Mobilization
    • Investment
    • National Growth
    • Entrepreneurship Growth
    • Industrial Development
  • Functions of Financial Market  
    • Intermediary Functions
    1. Transfer of Resources
    2. Productive usage
    3. Enhancing Income
    4. Capital Formation
    5. Price determination
    6. Sale Mechanism
    7. Mobilizing Funds
    8. Liquidity
    9. Easy access
    10. Industrial development
    • Financial Functions
  • New Issue Market (NIM) Vs. Secondary Market  
    • Classification of Financial Assets
    • Marketable Assets
    • Non-Marketable Assets
5 Capital Market
  • Concept of Financial Market  
  • Characteristics of Capital Market  
    • Securities Market
    • Price
    • Participants
    • Location 
    • Market for Financial Assets
  • Kinds of Capital Market  
    • Primary Market
    1. Public Issue
    2. Rights Issue
    3. Private Placement
    • Secondary Market
  • Functions and Importance of Capital Market  
    • Savings and Capital Formation
    • Permanent Capital
    • Industrial Growth
    • Ready and Continuous Market
    • Reliable Guide to Performance
    • Proper Channelizationof Funds
    • Provision of Variety of Services
    • Development of Backward Areas
    • Foreign Capital 
    • Easy Liquidity
  • Indian Capital Market – Evolution and Growth  
  • New Financial Institutions  
    • Venture Fund Institutions
    • Mutual Funds
    • Factoring Institutions
    • Over the Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI)
    • National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSEI)
    • National Clearance and Depository System (NCDS)
    • National Securities Depositories Limited
    • Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited (SHCIL)
    • Foreign Exchange Market
    1. Commodity Market
    2. Derivatives Market
6 Money Market
7 Stock Exchange
  • Stock Exchange  
    • Origin, Meaning and Definition
    • Functions of Stock Exchange
    • Trading Procedure of Stock Exchange
  • Functions of Stock Exchange  
    1. Mobilisation of Savings
    2. Capital formation
    3. Pricing of Securities
    4. Economic Barometer
    5. Protecting Interest of Investors
    6. Liquidity
    7. Better Allocation of Capital
    8. Contributes to Economic Growth
    9. Providing Scope for Speculation
    10. Promotes the Habit of Savings and Investment
  • Features of Stock Exchange  
  • Benefits and Limitations of Stock Exchange  
    • Benefits of Stock Exchange 
    1. Benefits to the Community
    2. Benefits to the Company
    3. Benefits to Investors
    • Limitations of Stock Exchange
  • Stock Exchanges in India  
  • Types of Speculators  
    • Bull
    • Bear
    • Stag
    • Lame Duck
  • Stock Exchange Vs Commodity Exchange  
  • Recent Development in Stock Exchange  
    • National Stock Market System (NSMS)
    1. National Stock Exchange (NSE)
    2. Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited (SHCIL)
    3. National Clearing and Depository System (NCDS)
    4. Securities Trading Corporation of India (STCI)
    5. National Securities Depositary Limited (NSDL)
8 Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI)
  • Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)  
    • Overview and Objectives of SEBI
    • Functions of SEBI
    • Mutual Funds
  • Objectives of SEBI  
    • Regulation of Stock Exchanges
    • Protection to the Investors
    • Checking the Insider Trading
    • Control over Brokers
  • Functions of SEBI  
  • Powers of SEBI  
    • Powers Relating to Stock Exchanges & Intermediaries
    • Power to Impose Monetary Penalties
    • Power to Initiate Actions in Functions Assigned
    • Power to Regulate Insider Trading
    • Powers Under Securities Contracts Act
    • Power to Regulate Business of Stock Exchanges
  • Dematerialization (DEMAT)  
  • Benefits of Dematerialization  
    • What is Demat Account?
    • How to Open a Demat Account?
    • What are the documents required for a Demat Account?
9 Fundamentals of HRM
  • Meaning and Definition of Human Resource  
  • Characteristics of Human Resource Management  
  • Significance of Human Resources  
  • Human Resource Management  
    • Introduction to HRM
    • Definitions of HRM
  • Features of Human Resource Management  
  • Significance of Human Resource Management  
  • Functions of Human Resource Management  
    • Managerial Functions
    • Operative Functions
10 Recruitment Methods
  • Recruitment  
  • Staffing - Recruitment Process  
    • Meaning and sources of staffing
  • Sources of Recruitment  
    • Sources of recruitment
    1. Internal sources (promotion, transfer, ex-employees, recommendation by employees)
    2. External sources (advertisements, campus recruitment, casual callers, gate hiring, employment exchanges, placement agencies, labour contractors, Direct, Indirect)
  • Recent Trends in Recruitment  
11 Employee Selection Process
  • Meaning and Definition of Employee Selection Process  
  • Steps in Employee Selection Process  
  • Factors Influencing Selection Process  
    • Nature of Post
    • Number of Candidates
    • Selection Policy
    • Cost factor / Budget
    • Level of Educational Qualification and Experience and Exposure
  • Importance of Selection  
    • Good Talent
    • Better Efficiency
    • Reduced Cost of Training and Development
    • Reduced Turnover
    • Job Motivation
    • Other Benefits
  • Selection Differs from Recruitment  
  • Placement  
  • Significance of Placement  
  • Principles of Placement  
    • Job First, Man Next
    • Job Offer
    • Terms and conditions
    • Aware about the Penalties
    • Loyalty and Co-operation
12 Employee Training Method
  • Purpose of Training or Need for Training  
    • Improved Quality of Work 
    • Enhance Employee Growth
    • Prevention of Obsolence
    • Enlightening New Recruits
    • Improved Safety Measures
    • Motivating Employees
    • Higher Productivity and Profits 
    • Cost Reduction
    • Reduced Supervision
    • Better Adaptability
  • Steps in Designing a Training Programme  
    • Whom to Train?
    • Who is the Trainee?
    • Who are Trainers?
    • What Method will be used for Training?
    • What should be Level the Training?
    • Where to Conduct the Training Programme?
  • Methods of Training  
    • on the job
    • off the job
    • Induction training
    • vestibule training
    • apprenticeship training
    • internship training
    • Classroom training
    • Distinction between on the job and off the job training
  • Difference Between on the Job Training and off the Job Training  
  • Benefits of Training  
    • Benefits to the Organization
    • Benefits to the Employees
    • Benefits of Customer
13 Concept of Market and Marketer
  • Concept of Market  
    • Introduction
    • Definition: Market
    • Essential Market Conditions
    • Types of definition of market
    • Features of a market
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Points: Concept of Market
  • Need for Market  
  • Classification of Market > Based on Place  
  • Meaning and Definition of Marketer  
    • Meaning of marketer
    • Definition of marketer
  • What can be Marketed?  
  • Role of a Marketer  
    • Instigator
    • Innovator
    • Integrator 
    • Implementer 
  • Functions of Marketer  
14 Marketing and Marketing Mix
  • Concept of Marketing  
    • Introduction
    • Definition
  • Evolution of Marketing  
    • Barter System
    • Production Orientation
    • Sales Orientation
    • Marketing Orientation
    • Consumer Orientation
    • Management Orientation
  • Objectives of Marketing  
  • Importance of Marketing  
    • Introduction 

    • Importance to the Society 

    • Importance to the Firm 

    • Importance to the Consumers 

  • Functions of Marketing  
  • Concept of Marketing Mix  
    • Introduction 

    • Types 

15 Recent Trends in Marketing
  • Recent Trends in Marketing  
    • Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce)
    • E-Business
    • E-Commerce Vs E-Business
  • E-Marketing  
    • E-Marketing - Definition
    • Objectives of E-Marketing
    • Advantages of E-Marketing
    • Disadvantages of E-Marketing
    • E-Market Vs Traditional Market
  • E-Tailing  
  • Green Marketing  
  • Social Marketing  
  • Rural Marketing  
  • Service Marketing  
  • Commodity Exchanges  
  • Niche Marketing  
  • Viral Marketing  
  • Ambush Marketing  
  • Guerrilla Marketing  
  • Multilevel Marketing  
  • Referral Marketing  
  • Content Marketing  
16 Consumerism
  • Concept of Consumer  
  • Consumer Exploitation  
    • Selling at Higher Price
    • Adulteration
    • Duplicate or Spurious goods
    • Artificial Scarcity
    • Sub-standard
    • Product Risk
    • Warranty and Services
    • Unsuitability of Products
    • False Advertisements
  • Consumerism and Need for Consumerism  
    • Concept of Consumerism
  • Importance of Consumerism  
  • Origin, Evolution, and Growth of Consumerism  
    • Origin
    • Evolution of Consumerism
    • Growth
  • Concept of Consumer Protection  
  • Importance of Consumer Protection  
  • Consumer Legislation  
  • Consumer Protection Act 1986 (COPRA)  
    • Salient features of The Indian Consumer Protection Act, 1986
    • Importance of Consumer Protection
    • Objectives of the Consumer Protection Act 1986
  • 'Caveat Emptor'  
    • Caveat Emptor in Practice
  • Caveat Venditor  
17 Rights, Duties and Responsibilities of Consumers
  • Consumer Rights  
    • Safety
    • Information about goods and services
    • When choice is denied
    • Where should consumers go to get justice?
    • Learning to Become Well-Informed Consumers
  • Duties of Consumers  
    • Buying Quality Products at Reasonable Price
    • Ensure the Weights and Measurement before Making Purchases
    • Reading the Label Carefully
    • Beware of False and Attractive Advertisements
    • Misleading Schemes
    • Ensuring the Receipt of Cash Bill
    • Buying from Reputed Shops
    • Never Purchase from Black Market
    • Buying Standardized Products
    • Follow the Instruction of the Manufacturer
    • Knowledge of Consumer Rights
  • Responsibilities of Consumers  
18 Grievance Redressal Mechanism
  • Grievance and Redressal Mechanism  
  • Consumer Councils  
  • Three Tier Courts or Quasi Judiciary  
  • District Forum  
    • Members
    • Jurisdiction 
    • Powers
    • Appellate Forum
  • State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission or State Commission  
  • National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC) or National Commission  
  • Voluntary Organizations for Consumer Awareness  
    • Accelerating Consumer Awareness/Educating Consumers
    • Steps involved in filing Complaint in Consumer Court
    • Who can make complaint?
    • When the complaints can be made?
    • How to register the complaints?
    • What are the particulars that should be furnished along with the complaint?
    • Relief to the Consumers
    • What is the appeal provision?
19 Environmental Factors
  • Concept of Business Environment  
    • Introduction
    • Definition: Business Environment
    • Business Factors
    • Importance
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Types of Business Environment  
    • Internal Environment
    • External Environment
    • Micro Environment
    • Macro Environment
  • Future Environment of Business-VUCA  
  • Corporate Governance  
    • Meaning of Corporate Governance
    • Definitions
    • Benefits of Corporate Governance
  • Goods and Service Tax(GST)  
    • Definition: Tax
    • Direct Tax vs. Indirect Tax
    • Some Examples of Direct and Indirect Taxes in India
    • Basics of GST
    • Purpose of GST, with Examples
    • Types of GST
    • Example: Types of GST
    • GST Rates
    • Codes Used in GST, with Examples
    • Key Takeaways
20 Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization
  • Dimensions of New Economic Policy  
  • Advantages and Disadvantages of Liberalization  
  • Impact of Liberalization  
  • Components of New Economic Policy  
    • Privatisation  
      • Introduction
      • Meaning
      • Measures Taken for Privatisation
      • Classification of Public Sector Units
      • Need for Privatisation
      • Privatization Process
      • Advantages
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
    • Globalisation  
      • Introduction
      • Meaning
      • Definition: Globalisation
      • Measures Taken for Globalisation
      • Features
      • Positive Impact 
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
    • Liberalisation  
      • Meaning
      • Definition: Liberalisation
      • Measures Taken for Liberalisation
      • Liberalisation Process in India 
      • Features
      • Positive Impact
      • Negative Impact
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
  • Advantages and Disadvantages of Privatization  
  • Impact of Privatization  
  • Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization  
  • Impact of Globalization  
  • Highlights of the LPG Policy  
21 The Sale of Goods Act, 1930
  • Formation of Contract of Sale  
    • Essential Elements of a Contract of Sale
    1. Two Parties
    2. Transfer of Property
    3. Goods
    4. Price
    5. Includes both ‘Sale’ and ‘Agreement to Sell’
  • Difference Between Sale and Agreement to Sell  
  • Types of Goods  
    • Existing Goods
    • Future Goods
    • Contingent Goods
  • Transfer of Ownership  
    • Passing of Property
    1. Specific Goods
    2. Unascertained Goods
    3. Goods Sent ‘On Approval’ or ‘On Sale or Return’ Basis
  • Conditions and Warranties  
    • Implied Conditions
    1. Conditions as to Title
    2. Conditions as to Description
    3. Sale by Sample
    4. Conditions as to Quality or Fitness
    5. Conditions as to Merchantability
    6. Condition as to Wholesomeness
    7. Condition Implied by Trade Usage
    • Implied Warranties
    1. Quiet Possession
    2. Free from Any Encumbrances
    3. Warranty in the case of Dangerous Goods
    • Unpaid Seller - Meaning
  • Rights of an Unpaid Seller  
    • Right of Lien is Lost
    • Termination of Right of Stoppage
22 The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
  • Credit Transactions  
    • Introduction
    • Significance
    • Negotiable Instruments
  • Negotiability and Assignability  
    • Difference between Negotiability and Assignability
  • Bills of Exchange, Cheque, Promissory Note – Comparison  
    • Bill of Exchange – Definition
    • Characteristics of a Bill of Exchange
    • Cheque - Definition
    • Features of a Cheque
    • Difference between a Bill of Exchange and a Cheque
    • Promissory Note
    • Characteristics of a Promissory Note
    • Distinction between a Cheque and Promissory note
    • Distinction between a Bills of Exchange and Promissory note
  • Crossing of Cheques  
  • Endorsements  
    • Requisites of a Valid Endorsement
    • Kinds of Endorsements
23 Elements of Entrepreneurship
  • Concept of Entrepreneur  
    • History 

    • Concept 

    • Definition 

    • Characteristics 

    • Qualities 

    • Functions 

  • Importance of Entrepreneurship  
    • Innovation 
    • Contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
    • Balanced Regional Development
    • Export Promotion
    • Full utilisation of Latent Resource
    • Reduction of Concentration of Economic Power in Few hands
    • Better Standard of Living
  • Entrepreneur, Intrapreneur and Manager – a Comparison  
    • Intrapreneur
    • Differences between Entrepreneur and Intrapreneur
    • Difference between ‘Entrepreneur’ Vs.‘Manager’
  • Women Entrepreneurs – Opportunities and Challenges  
    • Definition
    • Opportunities Based on Business
    • Financial Opportunities
    • Non-Financial support
    • Opportunities Created by Associations
    • Opportunities Created by Government
    • Opportunities Created through Training Programme
    • Consortium of Women Entrepreneurs of India (CWEI)
    • Challenges of Women Entrepreneurs
    1. Problem of Finance
    2. Limited Mobility 
    3. Lack of Education
    4. Lack of Network Support
    5. Stiff Competition
    6. Sensitivity
    7. Lack of Information
    8. Dependent culture
    1. Promotional Functions
    2. Managerial Functions
    3. Commercial Functions
24 Types of Entrepreneurs
  • Types of Entrepreneurs  
  • Classification According to Function  
    • Innovating Entrepreneur
    • Imitative Entrepreneur
    • Fabian Entrepreneur
    • Drone Entrepreneur
  • Classification According to Type of Business  
    • Business Entrepreneur 
    • Trading Entrepreneur
    • Industrial Entrepreneur
    • Corporate Entrepreneur
    • Agricultural Entrepreneur
    • Retail Entrepreneurs
    • Service Entrepreneurs
  • Classification Based on Technology Adopted  
    • Technical Entrepreneur
    • Non-technical Entrepreneur
    • Professional Entrepreneur
  • Classification in Terms of Motivation  
    • Pure Entrepreneur
    • Induced Entrepreneur
    • Motivated Entrepreneur 
    • Spontaneous Entrepreneur 
  • Classification Based on Development Stage  
    • First Generation Entrepreneur
    • Modern Entrepreneur
    • Classical Entrepreneur
  • Classification According to Area  
    • Urban Entrepreneur
    • Rural Entrepreneur
  • Classification According to Ownership  
    • Private Entrepreneur
    • State Entrepreneurship
    • Joint Entrepreneurship
25 Government Schemes for Entrepreneurial Development
  • Government of India’S Support for Innovation and Entrepreneurship in India  
  • India’s Efforts at Promoting Entrepreneurship and Innovations  
    • Startup India
    • Make in India
    • Atal Innovation Mission (AIM)
    •  Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP)
    • Jan Dhan-Aadhaar - Mobile (JAM)
    • Digital India
    • Stand-Up India
    • Trade related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development (TREAD)
    • Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)
    • National Skill Development Mission
    • Science for Equity Empowerment and Development (SEED)
  • Other Specific Entrepreneurship Schemes  
    • Modified Special Incentive Package Scheme (M-SIPS)
    • New Gen Innovation and Entrepreneurship Development Centre(New Gen IEDC)
    • Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme
    • Single Point Registration Scheme (SPRS)
    • Atal Incubation Centres (AIC)
  • Steps in Promoting an Entrepreneurial Venture  
    • Selection of the product
    • Selection of form of ownership
    • Selection of Site
    • Designing Capital Structure
    • Acquisition of Manufacturing know-how
    • Preparation of project report
  • Government of Tamil Nadu – Entrepreneurial Schemes  
26 Companies Act, 2013
27 Company Management
  • Introduction, Meaning and Definition of Director  
  • Key- Managerial Personnel of a Company  
  • Board of Directors  
    • COMPOSITION OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS
    • Executive Director
    • Non - Executive Director 
    • Difference Between Executive and Non-Executive Director
  • Types of Directors as per Companies Act 2013  
  • Number of Directors Required  
    • Minimum Number of Directors
    1. Public Company
    2. Private company 
    • Maximum Number of Directors
    • Number of directorships
  • Legal Position of Director  
    • Directors as Managing Partners
    • Directors as trustees
    • Directors as employees
    • Directors as officers
  • Appointment of Directors Under Companies Act 2013 - Section 152  
    • General provisions relating to appointment of directors
    • First Director
  • Qualifications of Director  
  • Disqualifications of a Director  
  • Removal of a Director  
    • A director can be removed from his office in any of the following three ways
    1. Removal by shareholders 169
    2. Removal by the Central Government
    3. Removal by the Company Law Board 
  • Remuneration of Director  
    • Managerial Remuneration 
    • Forms of Managerial Remuneration
  • Powers of Director  
    • Statutory Powers of Directors
    • Managerial Powers of Directors
    • Powers only with a resolution
    • Other Powers
  • Rights of Director  
  • Duties of Director  
    • Collective Duties of Directors
    • General duties of Directors
    • Specific Duties of Directors
  • Liabilities of Director  
    • Liability to outsiders
    • Liability to company
    • Criminal liabilities of directors
  • Directorial Register or Register of Directors and KMPs (Rule 17)  
  • Differences Between Manager Vs Director  
  • Differences Between Managing Director Vs Whole Time Director  
28 Company Secretary
  • Company Secretary  
  • Qualifications of Company Secretary  
    • Statutory Qualifications
    • Other Qualifications
  • Appointment of Company Secretary  
  • Functions/ Duties of Company Secretary  
    • Statutory Functions
    • Non-Statutory Functions
    1. Functions in Relation to Directors
    2. Functions in Relation to Shareholders
    3. Functions in Relation to Office and Staff
  • Powers and Rights of Company Secretary  
  • Removal / Dismissal of Company Secretary  
  • Company Meetings  
  • Kinds of Company Meetings  
    • Shareholders Meetings 
    • Meeting of the Directors
    • Special Meeting 
  • Resolution  
    • Kinds of Resolution
    1. Ordinary Resolution
    2. Special Resolution 
  • Voting  
    • Procedures of Voting
    1. Open Procedure
    2. Secret Procedure

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