मराठी
Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary EducationHSC Commerce Class 11
पाठ्यपुस्तक उत्तरे७०३५
संकल्पना स्पष्टीकरण१२०
अभ्यासक्रम

Commerce HSC Commerce Class 11 Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Syllabus 2025-26

Advertisements

Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 11 Commerce Syllabus - Free PDF Download

Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Syllabus 2025-26 Class 11: The Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 11 Commerce Syllabus for the examination year 2025-26 has been released by the Tamil Nadu Board, Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education. The board will hold the final examination at the end of the year following the annual assessment scheme, which has led to the release of the syllabus. The 2025-26 Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 11 Commerce Board Exam will entirely be based on the most recent syllabus. Therefore, students must thoroughly understand the new Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education syllabus to prepare for their annual exam properly.

The detailed Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 11 Commerce Syllabus for 2025-26 is below.

Academic year:

Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 11 Commerce Revised Syllabus

Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 11 Commerce Course Structure 2025-26 With Marking Scheme

#Unit/TopicWeightage
1  Historical Background of Commerce in the Sub-Continent 
2  Objectives of Business 
3  Classification of Business Activities 
4  Sole Proprietorship 
5  Hindu Undivided Family and Partnership 
6  Joint Stock Company 
7  Cooperative Organisation 
8  Multi National Corporations (MNCs) 
9  Government Organisation 
10  Reserve Bank of India 
11  Types of Banks 
12  Functions of Commercial Banks 
13  Warehousing 
14  Transportation 
15  Insurance 
16  Emerging Service Business in India 
17  Social Responsibility of Business 
18  Business Ethics and Corporate Governance 
19  Sources of Business Finance 
20  International Finance 
21  Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (Msmes) and Self Help Groups (Shgs) 
22  Types of Trade 
23  Channels of Distribution 
24  Retailing 
25  International Business 
26  Export and Import Procedures 
27  Facilitators of International Business 
28  Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments 
29  Elements of Contract 
30  Performance of Contract 
31  Discharge and Breach of a Contract 
32  Direct Taxes 
33  Indirect Taxation 
 Total -
Advertisements
Advertisements
Advertisements

Syllabus

1 Historical Background of Commerce in the Sub-Continent
  • Historical Background of Commerce in the Sub-continent  
    • Trade and Traders in the Pandiya Dynasty
    • Coastal Trade in AncientTamil Nadu
    • Role of the Government during Ancient Tamil Nadu
    • Contribution of ‘Kautilya’ to Trade
    • Commerce and Trade in North India
    • Trade with Rome, China and Europe
  • Barter system  
    • Introduction
    • Definition: Barter System
    • Difficulties in Barter System
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Hindrances of Commerce  
  • Elimination of Hindrances of Commerce  
    • Hindrance of person
    • Hindrance of place
    • Hindrance of time
    • Hindrance of risk of deterioration in quality
    • Hindrance of risk of loss
    • Hindrance of knowledge
    • Hindrance of exchange
    • Hindrance of finance
    • Hindrance of developing the exact product
    • Hindrance of both selection and delivery at doorsteps
2 Objectives of Business
  • Classification of Human Activities - Economic and Non-economic  
    • Economic Activities
    • Non-Economic Activities
    • Economic Activity Vs. Non-Economic Activity
  • Types of Economic Activities  
    • Profession
    • Employment
    • Business
    • Manufacturing
    • Service
    • Trading
  • Classification of Business Activities  
    • Introduction
    • Flow Chart
    • Real-life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Characteristics of Business  
    • Production or Procurement of Goods
    • Sale, Transfer or Exchange
    • Dealing in Goods and Services
    • Regularity of Dealings
    • Profit Motive
    • Element of Risk
  • Business Objectives  
    • Introduction
    • Flow Chart
    • Economic Objectives
    • Social Objectives 
    • Key Point Summary
3 Classification of Business Activities
  • Classification of Business Activities  
    • Introduction
    • Flow Chart
    • Real-life Application
    • Key Point Summary
    • Industry  
      • Introduction
      • Flow Chart
      • Primary Industry
      • Secondary Industry
      • Tertiary industries
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
    • Concept of Commerce  
      • Introduction
      • Definition: Commerce
      • Trade
      • Auxiliaries to Trade
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
  • Concept of Trade  
    • Introduction
    • Evaluation of Trade System
    • Features
    • Types of Trade
    • Key Point Summary
  • Comparison Between Industry, Commerce and Trade  
4 Sole Proprietorship
  • Sole Proprietorship  
    • Meaning and Definition
    • Features of Sole Proprietorship
  • Definition of Sole Trader  
  • Characteristics of a Sole Trader  
    • Ownership by one man
    • Freedom of work and Quick Decisions
    • Unlimited Liability
    • Enjoying Entire Profit
    • Absence of Government Regulation
    • No Separate Entity
    • Maintenance of Secrecy
  • Advantages and Disadvantages of a Sole Trader  
    • Advantages
    1. Easy Formation
    2. Incentive to Work hard
    3. Small Capital
    4. Credit Standing
    5. Personal Contact with the Customers
    6. Flexibility
    • Disadvantages
    1. Limited Capital
    2. Limited Managerial Skill
    3. Unlimited Liability
    4. Lack of Specialisation
    5. Hasty Decisions
5 Hindu Undivided Family and Partnership
6 Joint Stock Company
  • Joint Stock Company  
    • Introduction
    • Definition: Joint Stock Company
    • Features
    • Merits
    • Demerits
    • Types of Companies
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Memorandum of Association(MOA)  
    • Meaning and Content of Memorandum of Association(MOA)
  • Articles of Association(AOA)  
    • Meaning and contents of Articles of Association(AOA)
  • Prospectus  
    • Contents of Prospectus
7 Cooperative Organisation
  • Meaning and Definition of Cooperative Organisation  
  • Principles of Cooperation  
    • Voluntary and Open Membership
    • Democratic Member Control
    • Member’s Economic Participation
    • Autonomy and Independence
    • Education, Training, and Information
    • Cooperation among Cooperatives 
    • Concern for Community
  • Features of Cooperatives  
    • Voluntary Membership
    • Equal Rights
    • Democracy
    • Honesty
    • Mutual Confidence
    • Welfare Main Objective
    • Cash Payment
    • Economy
    • Distribution of Profit
    • Self Service
  • Advantages and Disadvantages of Cooperative  
    • Advantages
    1. Voluntary organization
    2. Easy formation
    3. Democracy
    4. Equal distribution of surplus
    5. Limited liability
    6. Separate legal entity
    7. Each for all and all for each
    8. Greater identity of interests
    9. Government support
    10. Elimination of middlemen
    11. Tax concessions
    12. Rural credit
    • Disadvantages 
    1. Limited funds
    2. Over reliance on Government funds
    3. Imposed by Government
    4. Benefit to rural rich
    5. Inadequate rural credit
    6. Lack of managerial skills
    7. Government intervention
    8. Misuse of funds
    9. Inefficiencies leading to losses
    10. Lack of secrecy
    11. Conflicts among members
    12. Limited scope
  • Co-operative Society  
8 Multi National Corporations (MNCs)
  • Meaning and Definition of Multi National Corporations  
  • Advantages and Disadvantages of Multi National Corporations  
    • Advantages
    1. Low Cost Labour
    2. Quality Products
    3. Proper Use of Idle Resources
    4. Improvement in Balance of Payment Position
    5. Technical Development
    6. Managerial Development
    7. End of Local Monopolies
    8. Improvement in Standard of Living
    9. Promotion of international brotherhood and culture
    • Disadvantages 
    1. Danger for Domestic Industries
    2. Transfer of Outdated Technology
    3. No Benefit to Poor People
    4. Danger to Independence
    5. Deprivation of Job Opportunity of Local People
    6. Misuse of Mighty Status
    7. Careless Exploitation of Natural Resources
    8. Selfish Promotion of Alien Culture
    9. Neglect of Industrial and Economic Growth of Home Country
  • Examples of Multi National Corporations (MNCs)  
    • List of Indian subsidiary companies of Foreign MNCs
    • List of Indian Multinational Companies and their Logo
9 Government Organisation
  • Introduction of Government Organisation  
  • Meaning and Features of Departmental Undertaking  
    • Features ofDepartmental Undertaking
    1. Ultimate Responsibility
    2. Governmental Financing
    3. Accounting and Audit 
    4. Managed by Civil Servants
    5. Sovereign Immunity
  • Advantages and Disadvantages of Departmental Undertaking  
    • Advantages
    1. Easy Formation
    2. Direct and Control of Parliament or State Legislature
    3. Secrecy Maintained
    4. Lesser Burden of Tax on Public
    5. Instrument of Social Change
    6. Lesser Risk of Misuse of Public Money
    7. Guided by Rules and Regulations of the Ministry
    • Disadvantages 
    1. Red-tapism
    2. Incidence of Additional Taxation
    3. Lack of Competition
    4. Casual Approach to Work
    5. Government Interference
    6. Lack of Professional Management and Fear of Criticism
    7. Financial Dependence
  • Joint Stock Company  
    • Public Limited Company  
      • Introduction
      • Definition: Public Limited Company
      • Features
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
  • Advantages and Disadvantages of Public Corporation  
    • Advantages
    1. Bold Management due to Operational Autonomy
    2. Legislative Control
    3. Qualified and Contented Staff
    4. Tailor-Made Statute
    5. Not Affected by Political Changes
    6. Lesser Likelihood of Exploitation
    7. Reasonable Pricing Policy
    • Disadvantages 
    1. Autonomy and Flexibility, Only in Theory
    2. Misuse of Monopolistic Power
    3. Rigid Constitution
    4. Low Managerial Efficiency
    5. Problem of Passing a Special Act
    6. Clash of Divergent Interests
  • Government Company  
    • Introduction
    • Important Concept
    • Features
    • Merits
    • Demerits
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
10 Reserve Bank of India
  • Structure of Money Market in India > Organized Sector  
    • Reserve Bank of India (RBI)  
      • Introduction
      • Popular Definitions of Central Bank
      • Role and Control of the Reserve Bank of India
      • Functions of RBI in Relation to Banks and NBFCs
      • Central Banks of Major Economies
  • Need for the Study on Service Business  
  • Types of Business Services  
    • Banking  

      • Introduction 

      • Types 

      • New Models of Banking 

      • E-banking Services 

  • The Historical Development of Banks in India  
  • Concept of Bank  
    • Introduction
    • Definition: Bank
  • Central Bank  
    • Introduction
    • Definitions
    • Evolution of Central Bank
    • Need for Central Bank
    • Importance of Central Bank
    • Functions of Central Bank
  • Origin of RBI  
  • Organisational Structure of RBI  
  • Functions of RBI  
    • Leadership and Supervisory Functions
    1. India’s Representative in World Financial Institutions 
    2. Regulator and Supervisor of Indian Banking System
    3. Monetary Authority
    4. Closely Monitoring Economic Parameters
    5. Promptly Responding to New Challenges
    • Traditional Functions
    1. Banker and Financial Advisor to the Government
    2. Monopoly of Note Issue
    3. Banker’s Bank
    4. Controller of Credit and Liquidity
    5. Lender of the Last Resort
    6. Clearing House Services
    7. Custodian of Foreign Exchange Reserves
    8. Maintenance of Foreign Exchange Rate
    9. Collection and Publication of Authentic Data
    • Promotional Functions
    1. Nurturing Banking Habits among the Public
    2. Grievance Settlement Measures
    3. Agricultural Development
    4. Promotion of Small Scale Industries
    5. Facilitates Foreign Trade
    6. Supports Cooperative Sector
11 Types of Banks
12 Functions of Commercial Banks
  • Diversified Banking Functions  
    • Bank Assurance
    • Merchant Banking
    • Retail Banking (Personal Banking
    • Housing Finance
    • Mutual Fund
    • Venture Capital Fund
    • Factoring
  • Types of Business Services  
    • Banking  

      • Introduction 

      • Types 

      • New Models of Banking 

      • E-banking Services 

  • Banking > Functions of Commercial Bank  
    • Primary Functions
    • Secondary Functions 
13 Warehousing
  • Meaning of Warehouse and Warehousing  
    • Introduction
    • Warehouse
    • Warehousing
  • Differences Between Warehouse and Warehousing  
    • Need for Warehousing
    1. Mass production
    2. Nature of commodities
    3. Seasonal production but regular consumption
    4. Regular production but seasonal consumption
    5. Proximity to production centers
  • Types of Warehouses  
    • On the Basis of Ownership
    1. Private Warehouses
    2. Government Warehouses
    3. Public Warehouses
    4. Co-operative Warehouses 
    5. Bonded Warehouses 
    6. Institutional Warehouses
    7. Distribution Centre Warehouses
    • On the Basis of Commodities Stored
    1. General Warehouses
    2. Special Commodity Warehouses 
    3. Cold Storages or Refrigerated Warehouses
    4. Climate Controlled Warehouses
  • Functions of Warehouses  
    • Storage
    • Price Stabilization 
    • Equalization of Demand and Supply
    • Business Finance
    • Risk bearing
    • Preparation for sale
    • Widening the marketing area
    • Value added services
  • Advantages and Drawbacks of Warehousing  
    • Advantages
    • Drawbacks of Warehousing
  • Warehousing Documents  
    • Warehouse Warrants
    • Warehouse Keeper’s Receipt
    • Dock Warrant
    • Dock Receipt
    • Delivery Order
  • Types of Business Services  
14 Transportation
  • Types of Business Services  
  • Types of Transport  
    • Surface Transport
    1. Pack Animals
    2. Bullock Carts
    3. Road Transport
    4. Motor Lorries and Buses
    5. Tramways
    6. Railway Transport
    • Water Transport
    1. Inland Waterways
    2. Ocean Waterways
    • Air Transport
  • Recent Trends in Transportation  
    • Metro Rail
    • Monorail
    • Bullet train 
    • Pipeline Transport
    • Conveyor Transport
    • Ropeway Transport
    • Hyper loop Transport
  • Types of Ocean Transport  
    • Coastal shipping 
    • Overseas shipping
  • Services of Transport to Business  
    • It increases the efficiency of production
    • It stimulates wants by increasing quantity and variety of consumer goods
    • It develops and expands the market
    • It helps in price stability by distributing goods all over the country
    • It aids to economic growth
    • It helps in specialization and mass production
    • It encourages innovations in product production and designing
  • Documents Used in Transportation  
    • Way Bill
    • Physical Properties of Carbon
    • Charter Party
    • Bill of Lading
    • Air Consignment Note or Airway Note
  • Common Carrier  
15 Insurance
  • Types of Business Services  
  • Types of Insurance  

    • Life Insurance 

    • Marine Insurance 

    • Fire Insurance 

  • Terms Used in Insurance  
    • Nomination
    • Surrender Value
    • Re-Insurance
    • Double Insurance
  • Business Risks  
    • Nature of Business Risks
    1. Business Risks Arise Due to Uncertainties
    2. Risk is an Essential Part of Every Business
    3. Degree of Risk Depends Mainly Upon the Nature and Size of Business
    4. Profit is the Reward for Risk Taking
    • Types of Business Risks
    1. Speculative Risks
    2. Pure Risks
    3. Insurable Risks
    4. Uninsurable Risk
    • Causes of Business Risks
    1. Natural Causes
    2. Human Causes
    3. Economic Causes
    4. Other Causes
  • Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI)  
    • Objectives and Functions of IRDAI
    • Types of Insurance Companies and Agents
16 Emerging Service Business in India
  • Franchising  
    • Meaning and definition
    • Characteristics of franchising
    • The main ingredients of a franchise agreement
    • Big brands make head towards for franchising
    • Types of franchising
    • How Franchising help start-ups
    • Advantages of franchising
    • Advantages to the franchisee
    • Advantages of franchising to the franchisor
    • Quick expansion
    • Cost advantages
    • Disadvantages of franchising to the franchisee
    • Disadvantage to the franchisor
  • Factoring  
    • Meaning and Parties Involved in Factoring
    • Functions and Role of a Factor
  • Logistics  
    • Meaning
    • Logistics Management
    • Decisions
    • Key Actors
    • Role of Government
    • Classification of Logistics Applications
    • lements of Logistics Cost
    • Models in Logistics Management
    • Logistics and Infrastructure
    • Logistics Management to Supply Chain Management
  • Concept of Outsourcing  

    • Introduction 

    • Need 

    • Advantages 

    • Disadvantages 

  • Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) and Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO)  
    • Meaning
    • Need for BPO
    • Need for KPO 
  • E - Commerce  
    • General Impact of E – commerce
    • Impact of E- commerce on vendors
    • Impact of E-commerce on buyers
    • E – Commerce Domains/Models
17 Social Responsibility of Business
  • Concept of Social Responsibility  

    • Introduction 

    • Concept 

    • Definition 

    • Need 

  • Arguments for and Against Social Responsibility  
  • Kinds of Social Responsibility  
    • Economic Responsibility
    • Legal Responsibility
    • Ethical Responsibility
    • Discretionary Responsibility
  • Social Responsibility Towards Different Interest Groups  

    • Responsibilities Towards Owners 

    • Responsibilities Towards Investors 

    • Responsibilities Towards Employees 

    • Responsibilities towards Consumers 

    • Responsibilities towards the Government 

    • Responsibilities towards Community /Society/ Public in General 

18 Business Ethics and Corporate Governance
  • Business Ethics  

    • Concept 

    • Definition 

    • Features 

    • Moral and social values 

  • Key Elements of Business Ethics  
    • Top Management Commitment
    • Publication of a “Code”
    • Establishment of Compliance Mechanism
    • Involving Employees at All Levels
    • Measuring Results
  • Code of Business Ethics  
  • Corporate Governance  
    • Meaning of Corporate Governance
    • Definitions
    • Benefits of Corporate Governance
  • Multinational Corporations  
    • Introduction
    • Features
    • Merits
    • Demerits
    • Real-Life Application 
    • Key Point Summary
  • International Benchmarking  
    • Asia
    • The USA
    • Europe
    • Japan
    • The UK
    • Canada 
    • Brazil
    • France 
    • Germany
19 Sources of Business Finance
  • Concept of Finance in Business  
    • Introduction
    • Uses of Finance in Business
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Sources of Business Finance  
    • Classification of Sources of Finance
    • On the basis of period 
    1. Sources of Short Term Finance
    2. Sources of Medium Term Finance
    3. Sources of Long Term Finance
    • On the Basis of Ownership
    • On the Basis of Generation of Funds
  • Factors Influencing Choice of Business Finance  
    • Cost
    • Financial Capacity of the Firm
    • Forms of Organisation
    • Time Period
    • Risk Factor
    • Control
    • Stage of Development 
    • Credit Worthiness of Firms
  • Savings - Importance of Savings  
    • Following Points Highlight the Importance of Savings
  • Personal Investment Avenues  
    • Public Provident Fund (PPF)
    • Mutual Funds
    • Direct Equity or Share Purchase
    • Real Estate Investment
    • Investing in Metals
    • Post Office Saving Schemes
    • Public Deposits
    • Bonds
    • Unit Linked Insurance Plans (ULIP)
    • Bank Deposits
20 International Finance
  • International Finance  
    • Introduction
    • Importance of International finance
  • Foreign Direct Investment and Institutional Investors  
    • Meaning
    • Advantages of FDI
    • Disadvantages of FDI
  • Foreign Institutional Investors (FII)  
  • International Capital Market  
    • Commercial Banks 
    • International Agencies and Development Banks 
    • International Capital Markets
    • Depositary Receipts (DRs) 
  • Global Depositary Receipt (GDR)  
    • Features of GDR
  • American Depository Receipts (ADR)  
    • Process of issuing ADRs
    • Features of ADR
  • Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds (FCCB)  
    • Features of FCCBs 
21 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (Msmes) and Self Help Groups (Shgs)
  • Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME)  
    • Definition
    • Manufacturing Enterprises
    • Service Enterprises
  • Role and Significance of MSMEs  
    • Employment Potential 
    • Low Production Cost 
    • Low Investment 
    • Quick Decision Making
    • Supplementary Role 
    • Establishment of Socialistic Pattern of Society
    • Balanced Regional Development 
    • Promotion of Self Employment and Self Reliance Spirit 
    • Higher Contribution to Manufacturing and Export 
  • Contribution of MSMEs to Indian Economy  
  • MSME Sector in Tamil Nadu  
    • New Entrepreneur-cum-Enterprise Development Scheme (NEEDS)
    • Institutional sources of finance for MSMEs
    • Micro Units Development Refinance Agency (MUDRA bank)
  • Self Help Groups  
    • Objectives of Self Help Groups
    • Features of Self Help Groups
    • Functions of Self Help Groups
    • Mode of linkage 
    • Self Help Groups in India
    • SHGs in Tamil Nadu
22 Types of Trade
  • Concept of Trade  
    • Introduction
    • Evaluation of Trade System
    • Features
    • Types of Trade
    • Key Point Summary
  • Features of Internal Trade  
    • Types of Internal Trade
    1. Wholesale Trade
    2. Retail Trade
23 Channels of Distribution
  • Meaning of Channels of Distribution  
    • Introduction
    • Definition
  • Types of Channels of Distribution  
    • Channels based on the middlemen
    1. Direct Channel 
    2. Indirect Channel or Distribution Through Middlemen
    • Channels Based on the Type of Goods and Services
    1. Consumer Goods Distribution Channels
    2. Industrial Goods Distribution Channels
    • Services Distribution Channels
    • Channels Based on National and International Markets
  • Factors Influencing Channel of Distribution  
    • Product Characteristics
    • Market Characteristics
    • Number of Consumers
    • Middlemen factor
    • Capacity of the Manufacturer
    • Cost and Time Involved in the Channel of Distribution
    • Services Required along with the Product
    • Life Cycle of the Product
  • Middlemen  
    • Mercantile Agents
    • Merchant Middlemen
  • Kinds of Mercantile Agents or Agent Middlemen  
    • Brokers 
    • Factors
    • Commission Agents 
    • Del-credere Agents 
    • Auctioneers 
    • Warehouse keepers
  • Internal Trade  
    • Wholesale Trade  
      • Introduction
      • Definition: Wholesale Trade
      • Features of Wholesaler
      • Services of Wholesalers: Manufacturers
      • Services of Wholesaler: Retailers
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
    • Retail Trade  
      • Introduction
      • Definition: Retail Trade
      • Features of Retailer
      • Services of Retailer: Wholesaler
      • Services to Retailer: Consumer
      • Key Point Summary
  • Distinction Between Wholesaler and Retailer  
24 Retailing
  • Introduction to Retailing  
  • Types of Retailers> Itinerant Retailers  
    • Introduction
    • Characteristics
    • Types
    • Key Point Summary
  • Role of Champers of Commerce and Industry Associations  
    • Functions
    • Associations or Chambers in India
    • Role of Associations or Chambers
25 International Business
  • Nature of International Business  
  • Concept of International Business  
    • Introduction
    • Meaning
    • Definition
  • Method of Conducting International Business  
    • Exporting and Importing
    • Contract Manufacturing (or) Outsourcing
    • Licensing and Franchising
    • Joint Venture
    • Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
  • Features of International Business  
    • Involvement of Countries
    • Use of Foreign Exchange
    • Legal Obligations
    • Exposure to Risk
    • Heavy Documentation Work
    • Difference in Economic Environment
  • Rationale Behind International Business  
    • Unequal Distribution of Natural Resources
    • Uneven Availability of Factors of Production
    • Specialisation
    • Cost Benefit
  • Types of International Business  
    • Export Trade
    • Import Trade
    • Enterpot Trade
    • Neccessity for Entrepot Trade
    • Features of Entrepot Trade
  • Advantages and Disadvantages of International Business  
    • Advantages 
    1. Geographical Specialization
    2. Optimum use of Natural Resources
    3. Economic Development
    4. Generation of Employment
    5. Higher Standard of Living
    6. Price Equilisation
    7. Prospects for Higher Profit
    8. Capacity Utilisation
    9. International Peace
    • Disadvantages
    1. Economic Dependence
    2. Inhibition of Growth of Home Industries
    3. Import of Harmful Goods
    4. Shortage of Essential Goods in Home Country
    5. Misuse of Natural Resources
    6. Political Exploitation
    7. Rivalry among the Nations
    8. Invasion of Culture
26 Export and Import Procedures
  • Import Trade  
    • Introduction
    • Objectives
    • Advantages
    • Disadvantages
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Export Trade  
    • Introduction
    • Advantages
    • Disadvantages
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Summary Point
27 Facilitators of International Business
  • World Bank  
    • Introduction
    • Structure of World Bank Group
    • Features
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF)  
      • Objectives of IMF 
      • Functions of IMF
      • Facilities offered by IMF
      • Achievements of IMF
      • IMF AND INDIA
      • Free Convertibility of Indian Rupee
      1. Loan For Development Activities
      2. Ability To Purchase Foreign Currency
      3. Expert Advice
      4. Timely Help
      5. Financial Assistance during Natural Calamity
      6. Membership in World Bank
      7. Help During 1991 Economic Crisis
  • South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC)  
    • Objectives of SAARC
    • Council
    • Functions of SAARC
    • Achievements of SAARC
28 Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments
  • Balance of Trade  
29 Elements of Contract
  • Meaning and Definition of the Indian Contract Act  
    • There are two parts of Indian Contract Act namely
    1. General Contracts
    2. Special Contracts
    • Meaning of Contract
  • Essentials of a Valid Contract  
    • Offer and Acceptance
    • Legal Relationship
    • Lawful Consideration (quid pro quo) 
    • Lawful Object (Section 23)
    • Free Consent (Section 13 & 14)
    • Capacity of Parties (Section 11)
    • Certainty of Terms (Section 29)
    • Possibility of Performance (Section 56)
    • Not declared Void
    • Necessary Legal Formalities 
  • Classification of Contract  
    • Types of Contract
    • On the Basis of the validity
    1. Valid Contract
    2. Void Contract (2(j)) 
    3. Voidable Contract 2(i) 
    4. Illegal Contract 
    5. Unenforceable Contract 
    • On the Basis of the Formation
    1. Express Contract
    2. Implied Contract 
    3. Quasi Contract
    4. Tacit Contract
    • On the Basis of Performance
    1. Executed Contract
    2. Executory Contract
    3. Unilateral Contract
    4. Bilateral Contract 
30 Performance of Contract
  • Introduction to Performance of Contract  
    • Actual Performance
    • Attempted Performance 
    • Essentials of a Valid Tender of Performance (Section 38)
    • Who can Demand Performance?
  • Who will Perform the Contract?  
    • Promisor himself
    • Agent
    • Representations
    • Third Person
    • Joint Promisors
    • Time and place of Performance of Promise
  • Reciprocal Promises  
    • Kinds of Reciprocal Promises
    1. Mutual and Independent 
    2. Mutual and Dependent
    3. Mutual and Concurrent
    • Appropriation of Payments [Section 59 – 61]
    1. Appropriation of Payments 
    2. Application of payment where debt to be discharge is not indicated [60]
    3. Application of payment where neither party appropriates [61] 
31 Discharge and Breach of a Contract
  • Discharge of Contract  
    • Modes of Discharge Of Contract
    1. Discharge by Performance
    2. By Agreement on Consent
    3. By Impossibility of Performance 
    4. By Lapse of Time 
    5. By Operation of Law
  • Remedies for Breach of Contract  
    • Types of Remedies
    1. Recission of Contract
    2. Claim for Specific Performance
    3. Claim for Injunction
    4. Claim for Quantum Merit
    5. Claim for Damages
    • Quantum merits arises in the following circumstances
32 Direct Taxes
  • Public Revenue > Taxes  
    • Definition
    • Characteristics  
    • Principles of Taxation 
  • Income Tax  
    • Features of Income Tax in India
    1. Levied as Per the Constitution
    2. Levied by Central Government
    3. Direct Tax
    4. Annual Tax
    5. Tax on Person
    6. Tax on Income
    7. Income of ‘Previous Year’ is Assessable in ‘Assessment Year’
    8. Charged at Prescribed Rate(s)
    9. Administered by the Central Government
    10. Applicability
    • Basic Concepts of Income Tax
    1. Assessee
    2. Person
    3. Assessment Year 
    4. Previous Year
    5. Income
    6. Agricultural Income
    • Heads of Income [Sec. 14]
    • Gross Total Income (GTI) [Section 80B (5)]
    • Total Income (T.I.) [Sections 2 (45)]
33 Indirect Taxation
  • Types of Taxes  
  • Goods and Service Tax(GST)  
    • Definition: Tax
    • Direct Tax vs. Indirect Tax
    • Some Examples of Direct and Indirect Taxes in India
    • Basics of GST
    • Purpose of GST, with Examples
    • Types of GST
    • Example: Types of GST
    • GST Rates
    • Codes Used in GST, with Examples
    • Key Takeaways
  • Gst Council  
    • Differences between CGST, SGST and IGST
    • Objectives of GST
    • Benefits of GST
    1. To the Society and country
    2. To Business Community
    3. To Consumers
    • Disadvantages of GST

Textbook SolutionsVIEW ALL [1]

Advertisements
Share
Notifications

Englishहिंदीमराठी
Login
Create free account


      Forgot password?
Course
Use app×