Sociology Board Sample Paper 2025-2026 Commerce (English Medium) Class 12 Question Paper Solution

Assertion (A): Urban norms and standards are becoming well known even in the remote villages, creating new desires and aspirations for consumption.

Reason (R): Mass media and communication channels are now bringing images of urban life styles and patterns of consumption into the rural areas.

A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

A is true but R is false.

A is false and R is true.

Assertion (A): Some scholars have also argued that there is no coherent basis for treating tribes as “pristine”.

Reason (R): They propose instead that tribes should really be seen as “secondary” phenomena arising out of the non-exploitative and colonialist contact between pre-existing states and non-state groups like the tribals.

A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

A is true but R is false.

A is false and R is true.

Kerala’s TFR is below the replacement level. This can mean –

1. Low population growth rate.
2. Increase in population in the age group of 0-15.
3. Decreased dependency ratio.
4. Ageing of population.

Choose the correct option:

I. and II.

II. and III.

III. and IV.

I. and IV.

Assertion (A): Almost all companies, even government ones, now practice some form of outsourcing and contracting.

Reason (R): Work conditions under the practice of outsourcing are very healthy and non-exploitative.

A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

A is true but R is false.

A is false and R is true.

Which of the following is incorrect for Varna?

Varna is a regional classification.

There are four Varnas.

Varna literally means colour.

Panchamas is not a part of the Varna.

Formation of linguistic states worked in the interest of India because ______.

the then Prime Minister was convinced that language will unite the country.

it allowed India to escape the identity-based conflicts and civil wars.

it created self-sufficient isolated provincial units.

it did not transform the political and institutional life of the nation.

Cultural diversity can present tough challenges because ______.

cultural identities are not powerful.

there are different ways to celebrate festivals.

cultural differences are not able to mobilise large number of people.

steps taken to help one group may anger other communities.

Assertion (A): As a student, Kumudtai was never inclined towards the study of Sanskrit.

Reason (R): Kumudtai believed that studying Sanskrit will enable her to read the original texts about women and Dalits.

A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

A is true but R is false.

A is false and R is true.

Legislation alone is unable to transform society or produce lasting social change because ______.

the current legislations have completely solved the problem of social exclusion and discrimination.

legislations have never been able to solve the problem of social exclusion and discrimination.

despite legislations, new forms of discrimination and social exclusion emerge and a constant a social campaign to bring awareness is required.

State alone can solve the problem of social exclusion.

Assertion (A): Since the 1990s, the government has followed a policy of liberalisation.

Reason (R): Licenses are no longer required to open industries.

A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

A is true but R is false.

A is false and R is true.

Read the passage given below:

Why are Social Movements an important subject matter for Sociology?

Social movements were initially not considered significant areas of study, and public protests were often excluded from their scope.

Social movements did not bring lasting changes in society.

Social movements are never directed against the State.

Social movements were seen as forces that led to disorder which was an important subject matter for Sociology.

Read the passage given below:

Which of the following is not true for the type of social movements?

There are three types of social movements.

Most social movements have a mix of all the three types.

The Bolshevik Revolution is a redemptive social movement.

The Ezhava movement is an example of a Redemptive Social Movement.

Read the passage given below:

Which of the following is not true about OBCs? 

They are neither part of the ‘forward’ castes at the upper end of the status spectrum, nor of the Dalits at the lower end. 

Upper OBCs are largely landed castes and enjoy dominance in rural society in many regions of India. 

OBCs are confined to Hinduism only. 

OBCs are a much more diverse group than the Dalits.

Read the passage given below:

Put the following statements in the correct order.

1. The OBC issue returned to the central level.
2. The Backward Classes Commission headed by Kaka Kalelkar submitted its report.
3. Central government decided to implement the ten-year old Mandal Commission report.
4. The OBC issue became a major one in national politics.

Identify the correct order.

I., II., III., IV. 

IV., I., III., II. 

II., I., III., IV. 

III., IV., II., I.

Colonialism introduced many structural changes such as the formation of nationstates.

Which of the following is true for nation-states?

Nation states are closely associated with the rise of nationalism.

Nation state pertains to a particular type of state, characteristic of the primitive world.

People in nation-states do not exercise sovereign power.

Nation-states are not associated with democratic ideas.

Assertion (A): In the areas where tribal populations are concentrated, their economic and social conditions are usually much worse than those of nontribals.

Reason (R): The impoverished and exploited circumstances under which adivasis live can be traced historically to the pattern of accelerated resource extraction started by the colonial British government which was discontinued by the government of independent India.

A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

A is true but R is false.

A is false and R is true.

“The power of population is so superior to the power of the earth to produce subsistence for man, that premature death must in some shape or other visit the human race. The vices of mankind are active and able ministers of depopulation.” Formulate, why Malthusian theory of population is a pessimistic one?

“The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so.” Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons.

“It is often assumed that social reform for women’s rights was entirely fought for by male reformers and that ideas of women’s equality are alien imports.” Is this true or false? Give reasons for your answer.

“Some traditional occupations in the rural society have declined. But increasing interconnection of the rural and urban economies have led to diverse occupations.” Is this statement valid? Give reasons for your answer.

Provide two reasons to support the claim that India has successfully established itself as a democratic nation-state.

“Social stratification is supported by patterns of belief, or ideology.” State in your own words the meaning of this statement.

Who are minorities in the sociological sense?

What is the dominant trend that marks Indian nationalism?

“Often we discuss social exclusion and discrimination as though they pertain to differential economic resources alone.” How would you prove this statement false?

“The more mechanised an industry gets, the fewer people are employed, but they too have to work at the pace of the machine.” What would happen if workers began to work at the pace of the machine?

“How a social movement is perceived and classified is always a matter of interpretation. It differs from one section to another.” Illustrate with an example.

“The large-scale circulation of labour has had several significant effects on rural society in the receiving regions.” State two effects for the receiving region.

“The large-scale circulation of labour has had several significant effects on rural society in the supplying regions.” State two effects for the supplying region.

“Indian independence in 1947 marked a big, but ultimately only partial break with the colonial past.” Justify the statement.

Illustrate the crucial importance of civil society in ensuring that the state is accountable to the nation and its people.

Westernisation involves the imitation of external forms of culture. Is this the only kind of westernization? Give reasons for your answer.

The rural social structure was altered by agricultural development since the 1960s and also contributed to the expansion of the urban middle classes. Illustrate how the rural social structure altered as a result of agricultural development. Demonstrate how it led to the expansion of the urban middle class.

“Just as manufacturing boomed in Britain, traditional exports of cotton and silk manufactures from India declined.” Derive the reason for the given statement.

“Western colonialism was inextricably connected to the growth of Western capitalism. This had a lasting impact on the way capitalism developed in a colonised country like India.” Justify the statement.

One of the most significant yet paradoxical changes in the caste system in the contemporary period is that it has tended to become ‘invisible’ for the upper caste, urban middle, and upper classes. Elaborate.

Answer the questions given below based on the reading of the data given in the table:

1. What will be the consequences of gender imbalance?
2. Give reasons for the declining sex ratio in India before 2001.

“Since the 1990s, the government has followed a policy of liberalisation.” Discuss the changes brought about in the Indian industry as a result of globalisation.

List and explain the features of social movements.