Psychology Set 4 2025-2026 Commerce (English Medium) Class 12 Question Paper Solution

Neha always scores well in school assessments and is appreciated for her sharp, critical ability, reasoning and analytical thinking. Which form of intelligence is she most likely demonstrating?

Naturalistic Intelligence

Contextual Intelligence

Componential Intelligence

Experiential Intelligence

A teacher notices that one of her usually calm and respectful students behaves aggressively during a group activity. She considers whether this behaviour might be due to peer pressure and classroom dynamics rather than the student’s personality. Which approach is the teacher following?

Functionalism

Altruism

Structuralism

Situationism

Rohan failed an important exam. Instead of accepting that he didn’t prepare well, he insists that the teacher was biased and the exam was unfair. Which defence mechanism is Rohan using?

Repression

Projection

Rationalization

Denial

Meera always felt left out, low and incompetent as a child because her elder siblings were more successful. Now she works extremely hard to be the best in every task she takes up. According to Adler, this behaviour can be explained by:

Fixation

Inferiority Complex

Superiority Complex

Regression

Ananya is known in school for honesty. No matter the situation, she always speaks the truth. According to Allport, this trait can be classified as ______.

Central Trait

Cardinal Trait

Secondary Trait

Source Trait

Which concept is based on Bandura’s social learning theory?

Self-esteem

Self-efficacy

Self-concept

Identity crisis

Match the following:

1 - I, 2 - II, 3 - III, 4 - IV

1 - II, 2 - III, 3 - IV, 4 - I

1 - IV, 2 - III, 3 - I, 4 - II

1 - IV, 2 - III, 3 - II, 4 - I

Antigens/Leucocytes

Leucocytes/Antibodies

Antigens/Antibodies

Leucocytes/Antigens

Assertion (A): Creative visualisation helps in managing stress by using imagination and mental imagery.

Reason (R): It is more effective when the mind is quiet, the body is relaxed, and the eyes are closed, as this minimizes distractions and enhances focus.

Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

______ is characterised by widespread impairments in social interactions and communication skills, and stereotyped patterns of behaviours, interests and activities.

Dyslexia

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Specific Learning Disorder

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Your friend failed an important test. You sit with him/her, listen to his/her feelings, and try to understand the experience without judgement. Which quality are you demonstrating and why?

Sympathy - because you feel sorry for your friend’s situation.

Empathy - because you are trying to understand your friend’s feeling from their perspective.

Assertiveness - because you are confidentially telling them what to do.

Motivation - because you are pushing them to study harder next time.

A therapist working with children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) gives them a star sticker each time they complete a task without distraction. After collecting five stars, they can exchange it with a small toy. What psychological technique is being used here?

Classical conditioning

Token economy

Systematic desensitization

Free association

According to the concept of balance proposed by Fritz Heider, imbalance is found when:

1. All three sides of the P-O-X triangle are negative.
2. Two sides of the P-O-X triangle are negative and one side is positive.
3. Two sides of the P-O-X triangle are positive and one side is negative.
4. All three sides of the P-O-X triangle are positive.

(i) and (ii) only

(ii) and (iv) only

(i) and (iii) only

(ii) only

In an attitude change, when the change is in the same direction as the existing attitude (for example, a positive attitude may become more positive, or a negative attitude may become more negative), this is called ______.

Congruency

Constancy

Incongruency

Inconstancy

Identify two differences between Psychometric theories and Information processing theories of intelligence.

Find out the IQ of a 14-year-old child with a mental age of 16.

Distinguish between verbal and non-verbal tests of intelligence.

Somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder are concerned with medical illness, yet they are different. Explain using a relevant example.

Specify any two processes that help in attitude formation and explain how it occurs.

Riya feels a strong sense of belonging and emotional attachment with her childhood family dance group, but when she joined the school council, she followed rules and communicated formally with its members. Identify the two types of groups Riya is part of and explain each with reference to the scenario.

Rohan, a 10-year-old diagnosed with intellectual deficiency as per AAMD guidelines, is supported with a special education plan. Based on his diagnosis, identify two common features he might display in his daily functioning.

Riya is on a strict diet because she wants to stay healthy and prepare for her upcoming school sports competition. One evening, she opens the fridge and sees a big, delicious chocolate cake that her mom made for a family dinner the next day. She immediately feels the urge to eat it, but plans to eat it after the sports competition.

As per Freud’s theory, explain Riya’s behaviour in terms of id, ego and superego.

Individuals show consistent individual differences in the coping strategies they use to handle stressful situations. These can include both overt and covert activities. Identify the three coping strategies given by Endler and Parker.

Ruchika is very stressed as she must prepare for her music competition and for medical examinations. Suggest Ruchika four techniques to manage her stress.

Reena constantly thinks, “I must succeed at everything, or I am a failure,” which causes her distress when she makes small mistakes. How can Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) help Reena overcome her psychological distress? Mention three steps involved in the Rational Emotive Therapy (RET).

Elaborate on the concept of buddhi.

Specify how intelligence in the Indian tradition lays emphasis on its connectivity with the social world.

Specify how intelligence in the Indian tradition lays emphasis on its connectivity with the environmental world.

Individuals who are categorised as having intellectual disability show significant variation in their abilities, ranging from those who can be taught to work and function with special attention, to those who cannot be trained and require institutional care throughout their lives. Identify their categories according to IQ range and specify their potential functionalities.

Ritika has been feeling anxious, socially withdrawn and unable to manage her daily routine. She decides to see a psychotherapist. Over the course of several sessions, she begins to feel heard and supported. Based on this case, elaborate on the factors that contributed to Ritika’s psychological healing through psychotherapy.

Prejudice can be difficult to change due to its deep-rooted sources. Imagine you are working on a community outreach programme aiming to reduce prejudice. How would you explain the main causes that lead to development of prejudice?

During an inter-school science exhibition,

• Riya, who usually works efficiently when alone, noticed a drop in her productivity while working with a team.
• Her friend Arjun, however, performed much better during the final group presentation than he did during rehearsals.
• Meanwhile, during a debate on climate change, the group members who initially had mild views became more extreme after discussing their options together.
• While playing tug of war, only Riya’s teammates contributed less efforts in the group task compared to working alone.

Based on the above situation, identify and explain any four psychological concepts related to group influence on individual behaviour.

Direct techniques of personality assessment come with their own drawbacks, especially related to social desirability. In such a condition, suggest other methods of personality assessment which can tap the unconscious of the individual. Mention any four such effective techniques.

While simple and appealing, type theories truly capturing the uniqueness of every individual or oversimplifying the rich diversity of human personality are debatable. Type theories attempt to place individuals into distinct categories based on shared characteristics. Many types of theories have shaped how we view personality. Elaborate on the theories by the Type Approach.

Ravi has been showing signs of extreme social withdrawal and erratic mood swings. As a psychology student, how would you apply different approaches/models/factors to understand and explain any abnormal behaviour?

Psychological Disorders have come a long way in their journey of understanding and treatment of disorders. To understand psychological disorders, we would require a brief historical account of how these disorders have been viewed over the ages. When we study the history of abnormal psychology, we find that certain theories have occurred repeatedly. Trace the history of disorders to understand their origin and leading to the latest developments.

Read the case study given below and answer the question that follow:

Based on the symptoms described, identify the types of stress Ritu is experiencing.

Read the case study given below and answer the question that follow:

Mention one emotional and one psychological effects of stress, she may be going through.

Read the case study given below and answer the question that follow:

What is Shreya suffering from?

Read the case study given below and answer the question that follow:

Identify and explain the various other forms of this disorder.