हिंदी

Revision: Secondary Economic Activities Geography HSC Arts (English Medium) 12th Standard Board Exam Maharashtra State Board

Definitions [2]

Define secondary activity.

Secondary activities involve transforming the raw material (primary products) into finished goods of higher value. They are converted with manufacturing, processing, and construction (infrastructure industries).

Definition: Industrial Regions

An industrial region is an area where a large number of industries are concentrated due to favourable factors such as availability of raw materials, labour, transport, power, and market facilities.

Key Points

Key Points: Classification of Industries

On the basis of raw materials, industries are classified as agro-based, mineral-based, forest-based and animal-based industries.
On the basis of nature of products, industries are divided into heavy industries (capital and bulky goods) and light industries (consumer goods).
On the basis of investment and turnover, industries are classified as micro, small, medium and large-scale industries.
On the basis of ownership, industries are public sector, private sector, joint sector and co-operative sector industries.
On the basis of function and market, industries include basic industries, consumer industries, ancillary industries and service (tertiary) industries.

Key Points: Concept of Secondary Activities

Secondary activities use raw materials from primary activities to make finished goods.
These activities include manufacturing, processing, and construction.
The place where goods are produced is called a factory.
Location of industries depends on raw materials, transport, and the market.
Weight-losing industries (e.g., sugar) are located near raw materials.
Weight-gaining industries (e.g., bakery) are located near markets.

Key Points: Economic Factors Affecting Secondary Economic Activities

Proximity to Market: Industries are located near markets to reduce transport cost and sell goods quickly.
Perishable, heavy, or bulky products require industries to be close to cities or markets.
Capital: Large investment is needed to set up industries.
Industries develop in areas with good banking and financial facilities, which further attract more industries

Key Points: Physical Factors Affecting Secondary Economic Activities

Climate: Moderate climate supports industries, while extreme hot, cold, or dry climates discourage industrial development.
Raw Materials: Industries using bulky or perishable raw materials are located near their source.
Water and Power Supply: Industries need plenty of water and energy sources like coal, oil, and electricity.
Labour: Availability of skilled and semi-skilled labour influences industrial location.
Transportation: Low transport cost and good connectivity are important for industrial growth.
Site (Land): Industries require large, flat land with good transport facilities; high land prices push industries towards rural areas.

Key Points: Other Factors Affecting Secondary Economic Activities

Split Location: Different stages of production are carried out at different places to reduce transport cost.
In industries like automobiles, parts are made in different areas and assembled at one place.
Economies of Scale: When many industries develop in one area, they benefit from shared facilities and lower costs.
Agglomeration: Industries producing related goods cluster together, increasing profit and industrial growth.

Key Points: Footloose Industries

Footloose industries do not depend on a specific location for raw materials or markets.
They can be set up anywhere because inputs and outputs are lightweight and easy to transport.
These industries usually produce low-volume but high-value products.
Examples include watch-making, diamond cutting, and honey processing.

Key Points: Classification of Industries> Based on Ownership

Industries are classified by ownership, that is, who owns and controls them.
Public sector industries are owned and managed by the government (e.g., BHEL).
Private sector industries are owned by individuals or private companies, and profits go to the owners (e.g., TISCO).
Joint sector industries are jointly owned by the government and private individuals or by two governments (e.g., MNGL).
Cooperative sector industries are owned and managed by a group of people who share profits and losses (e.g., AMUL).
MNCs operate in more than one country and have headquarters in one main country.

Key Points: Political Factors Affecting Secondary Economic Activities

Government Policies: The government promotes industries by giving incentives like finance, land, tax concessions, and subsidies.
It encourages industries in economically backward regions for balanced regional development.
Government may restrict industries in coastal or eco-sensitive areas.
Special Economic Zones (SEZs): These are specially developed areas to promote industrial growth and exports.

Key Points: Classification of Industries> Based on Source of Raw Materials

Agro-based industries use agricultural products (e.g., sugar, cotton, food processing).
Marine-based industries use sea products (e.g., fish oil, sea-shell items).
Forest-based industries use forest resources (e.g., paper, timber, resins).
Mineral-based industries use minerals from mining (e.g., iron, steel, aluminium).
Pastoral-based industries use animal products (e.g., leather, milk, silk, wool).

Key Points: Classification of Industries> Based on Capital Investment

Large-scale industries require huge capital, modern machinery, and infrastructure. In India, industries with investment above ₹10 crore are large-scale (e.g., iron and steel, power, cotton textiles).
MSME industries are classified based on investment in plant, machinery, and equipment.
Micro industries have very small investment (up to ₹25 lakh in plant/machinery). Examples: pens, dairy products.
Small industries invest more than ₹25 lakh but up to ₹5 crore. Examples: bottles, toys, paper products.
Medium industries invest between ₹5 crore and ₹10 crore. Examples: cycles, TVs, radios.
Cottage or household industries operate on a very small scale, mostly at home, using manual labour and local raw materials.
Cottage industries need little capital and transport, produce goods for local markets, and sometimes for export (e.g., Paithani sarees, Indian quilts).

Key Points: Classification of Industries> Based on Nature of Output

Industries are classified by the type of goods they produce.
Basic (Heavy) industries make raw materials for other industries (e.g., iron and steel).
Consumer (Light) industries make goods for direct use (e.g., textiles, electronics, medicines).
Ancillary industries make parts for other industries (e.g., tyres, nails, iron sheets).

Key Points: Industrial Regions

Industrial regions are areas where many industries are concentrated due to favourable conditions.
Industries are unevenly distributed because location factors are not the same everywhere.
Industrial regions have agglomeration of industries and large working population.
They have good transportation, communication, banking, and credit facilities.
Industrial regions provide large-scale employment and support economic development.