Topics
Basic Biology
Cell - The Structural and Functional Unit of Life
- Cell: Structural and Functional Unit of Life
- Organisms Show Variety in Cell Number, Shape and Size
- Structure of the Cell > Plasma Membrane / Cell Membrane
- Structure of the Cell > Cell Wall: “Supporter and Protector”
- Structure of the Cell > Cytoplasm: “Area of Movement”
- Structure of the Cell > Nucleus: “Brain” of the Cell
- Cell Organelles
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Mitochondria - “Power House of the Cell”
- Golgi Apparatus - "The delivery system of the cell"
- Ribosomes - "The sites of protein synthesis"
- Lysosome - “Suicidal Bag”
- Centrosome and Centrioles
- Plastids
- Non-living Substances Or Cell Inclusion
- Plant Cell Vs Animal Cell
- Microscopic Examination of Onion Peel
Structure of Chromosomes, Cell Cycle and Cell Division
- Chromosomes - The Carriers of Heredity
- Chromatin
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
- Histone Proteins
- Structure of Chromosomes
- Genes and Genetic
- Need for New Cells
- Types of Chromosomes
- DNA Fingerprinting
- Cell Theory
- Cell Cycle - "Divide, Grow and Redivide"
- Cell Division: an Essential Life Process
- Mitosis > Karyokinesis (Division of Nucleus)
- Mitosis > Cytokinesis (Division of Cytoplasm)
- Comparison of Mitosis in Plant and Animal Cells
- Significance of Mitosis
- Meiosis: Reduction Division
- Stages of Meiosis: Meiosis I
- Stages of Meiosis: Meiosis II
- Significance of Meiosis
- Mitochondria and Chloroplasts in Cell Division
- Mitosis Vs Meiosis
- Comparison between different stages during Mitosis and Meiosis
Plant Physiology
Human Anatomy and Physiology
Genetics
- Gregor Johann Mendel – Father of Genetics
- Genes and Genetic
- Heredity and Variation
- Inheritance in Humans
- Chromosomes - The Carriers of Heredity
- Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes
- Sex Determination
- Sex Determination in Humans
- Genes and their Alleles
- Genotype and Phenotype
- Inheritance of Traits
- Sex-Linked Inheritance in Human Beings
- Haemophilia
- Colour blindness
- Mendel's Experiments on Inheritance
- Monohybrid Cross
- Dihybrid Cross
- Reasons for Mendel's Success
- Comparison of Behaviour of Mendel's Factors and Chromosomes
- Mendel's Laws > The Law of Dominance
- Mendel's Laws > The Law of Segregation (Law of Purity of Gametes)
- Mendel's Laws > The Law of Independent Assortment
- Punnett Square
- Exceptions to Mendel's Laws
- Applications and Beyond Mendel's Laws
- Mutations
Absorption by Roots
- Plant Physiology
- Concept of Absorption by the Roots
- Need of Water and Minerals for Plants
- Characteristics of Roots for Absorbing Water
- Absorption and Conduction of Water and Minerals
- Imbibition
- Diffusion
- Osmotic Pressure
- Active Transport
- Passive Transport
- Turgidity and Flaccidity (Plasmolysis)
- Uses of Turgidity to Plants
- Comparison of Diffusion, Osmosis and Active Transport
- Root Pressure
- Importance of Root Hairs and Upward Transport
- Experiments on Absorption and Conduction of Water in the Plants
- Forces Contributing to Ascent of Sap
Population
Human Evolution
Transpiration
- Concept of Transpiration
- Demonstration of Transpiration
- Measurement of Transpiration > Weighing Method
- Measurement of Transpiration > Potometer Method
- Types of Transpiration > Stomatal Transpiration
- Types of Transpiration > Cuticular Transpiration
- Types of Transpiration > Lenticular Transpiration
- Mechanism of Transpiration
- Plant Adaptations to Reduce Transpiration
- Significance of Transpiration
- Drawbacks of Transpiration
- Transpiration and Water Cycle
- Factors Affecting the Rate of Transpiration
- Evaporation Vs Transpiration
- Guttation and Bleeding
- Traspiration Vs Bleeding
- Traspiration Vs Guttation
Photosynthesis
- Concept of Photosynthesis
- Photosynthetic Organ: The Leaf
- Chlorophyll: The Vital Plant Pigment
- Regulation of Stomatal Opening for Carbon Dioxide Intake
- Opening and Closing of Stomata
- Process of Photosynthesis
- Light-Independent Phase or Dark Phase
- Light-Independent Phase of Photosynthesis
- Adaptations in Leaves to Perform Photosynthesis
- Products of Photosynthesis
- Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
- Experiments on Photosynthesis
- Significance of Photosynthesis
- Carbon Cycle
Pollution
Chemical Coordination in Plants
- Plant Hormones
- Auxins
- Gibberellins
- Cytokinins
- Ethylene
- Abscisic Acid (ABA)
- Movements of Plants
- Tropic Movements in Plants
- Phototropism
- Geotropism
- Hydrotropism
- Thigmotropism
- Chemotropism
- Significance of Tropic Movements
Physical Health and Hygiene
Health Organisations
- International Bodies: WHO (World Health Organisation)
- Common Health Problems in India
Aids to Health
- First Aid and Emergency Action
- Antiseptics and Disinfectants
- Antibiotics
Circulatory System
- Need for Transport in the Body
- Fluids in Our Body
- Types of Circulatory System
- Blood
- Functions of Blood
- Plasma (The Liquid Portion of Blood)
- Composition of Blood > Cellular Elements: Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- Composition of Blood > Cellular Elements: White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
- Antibodies
- Composition of Blood > Cellular Elements: Blood Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- Erythrocytes vs Leukocytes vs Thrombocytes – A Comparative Overview
- Blood Transfusion and Blood Groups (ABO and Rh system)
- Blood Circulatory System
- Human Heart
- Working Mechanism of Human Heart
- Blood Vessels Entering and Leaving The Heart
- Valves of the Heart
- Circulation of Blood in the Heart (Functioning of Heart)
- Heart Beat
- Pacemaker
- Blood Vessels
- Arteries Vs Veins
- Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation (Double Circulation)
- Hepatic Portal System
- The Pulse
- Tissue Fluid (Or Intercellular Fluid)
- The Spleen
Excretory System
- Excretion
- The Excretory Organs
- Human Excretory System
- Structure of the Kidney
- Urine Formation
- Afferent Arteriole Vs Efferent Arteriole
- Elimination of Urine
- Regulation of Kidney Function
- Osmoregulation
- Dialysis and Artificial Kidney
Nervous System
- Human Nervous System
- Neuron (or Nerve Cell): The Unit of the Nervous System
- Transmission and Generation of Nerve Impulse
- Synapse
- Nerves
- Types of Neurons
- Major Division of the Nervous System
- Nerves
- Central Nervous System >The Human Brain
- Parts of the Brain > Cerebrum
- Parts of the Brain > Cerebellum
- Parts of the Brain > Medulla Oblongata
- Primary Regions of the Brain
- The Spinal Cord
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- Reflex Action
- Involuntary Actions Vs Voluntary Actions
- Types of Reflexes
- Pavlov's Experiment on a Dog
- Reflexes in Humans
- Nervous Pathways in Reflexes
- Reflex Arc
- Complex Reflex Action
Endocrine System
- Human Endocrine System
- Hormonal Control Vs Nervous Control
- Concept of Hormone
- General Properties of Hormones
- Adrenal Gland (Suprarenal Gland)
- Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
- Thyroid Gland
- Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis Gland
- Control of Hormonal Secretions
- Summary of Hormones and Their Actions
The Reproductive System
Population
- Rising Population - A Global Threat
- World Population Through the Ages
- Rapid Rise in Population
- Population Explosion- A Serious Global Concern
- Simplified Model Of Population Growth
- Concept of Population in India
- Factors Responsible For The Population Explosion In India
- Rising Population - Pressure on Natural Resources
- Population Growth And Urbanisation: Pressure On Resources
- Need To Reduce Population Growth Rate
- Need For Adopting Control Measures
- Population Education And Population Control
Human Evolution
- Evolution
- Theories of Biological Evolution
- Evidences of Evolution > Vestigial Organs
- Lamarck's Theory Vs Darwin's Theory
- Human Ancestors
- Homo Sapiens Sapiens (Modern Man)
Pollution
- Waste
- Pollution
- Soil Pollution
- Sources of Soil Pollution
- Radiation
- Noise Pollution
- Sources of Noise Pollution
- Acid Rain
- Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
- Ozone Layer Depletion
- Effects on Human Health
- Control of Pollution
- Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Movement)
- Plastic Pollution
Estimated time: 3 minutes
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Neuron: Structural & Functional Unit
- A neuron is the structural and functional unit of the neural system, consisting of the cell body, dendrites and axon.
- Cell body - has cytoplasm, organelles and Nissl's granules (protein synthesis). Dendrites - transmit impulses towards the cell body.
- Axon - transmits impulses away from the cell body; ends in a synaptic knob containing neurotransmitters.
- Types based on structure - Multipolar (1 axon + 2+ dendrites; cerebral cortex), Bipolar (1 axon + 1 dendrite; retina), Unipolar (1 axon only; embryonic stage).
- Myelinated - covered by myelin sheath (Schwann cells); found in cranial and spinal nerves. Non-myelinated - no myelin sheath; found in autonomic and somatic neural systems.
- Gaps between two myelin sheaths = Nodes of Ranvier.
- Types based on function - Sensory (receptors → CNS), Motor (CNS → muscles/glands), Association/Interneurons (within CNS).
